Metamorphosis of Learning Ecosystems in Response to The Fourth Industrial Revolution's (4IR)

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and its educational impact. It focuses on the accelerated pace of technological advancements and the urgent need to understand how these changes affect educational systems. The research, which includes empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and policy literature, employs a thematic analysis to identify key trends and themes using secondary data like books, research findings, and scientific journals related to 4IR. Key findings highlight the increasing demands for new skills in the workforce, ethical considerations, and the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach in education. The study underscores the transformation of education in the wake of 4IR's influence, particularly in automation and artificial intelligence (AI). It emphasizes the importance of adapting educational paradigms to address the challenges and opportunities presented by these technological advancements. The study's major implication is the need for a fundamental shift in learning ecosystems to align with the transformative power of 4IR. This involves adapting to significant changes in the educational landscape, which are necessary to facilitate user ease. Integrating modern intelligent technologies has fundamentally altered production and global supply networks, leading to increased automation, enhanced communication, and smart machines. This transformation underscores the need for educational systems to evolve and prepare for these ongoing changes

An Ancient Evolutionary Origin of Genes Associated with Human Genetic Diseases

Several thousand genes in the human genome have been linked to a heritable genetic disease. The majority of these appear to be nonessential genes (i.e., are not embryonically lethal when inactivated), and one could therefore speculate that they are late additions in the evolutionary lineage toward humans. Contrary to this expectation, we find that they are in fact significantly overrepresented among the genes that have emerged during the early evolution of the metazoa. Using a phylostratigraphic approach, we have studied the evolutionary emergence of such genes at 19 phylogenetic levels. The majority of disease genes was already present in the eukaryotic ancestor, and the second largest number has arisen around the time of evolution of multicellularity. Conversely, genes specific to the mammalian lineage are highly underrepresented. Hence, genes involved in genetic diseases are not simply a random subset of all genes in the genome but are biased toward ancient genes

REKONSTRUKSI PENGADILAN ANAK DI INDONESIA (Suatu Orientasi Kearah Restorative Justice)

Act no. 3 / 1997 on cildren justice, there are several weaknesses, both substantive as well as implementation. Based on the literature search results can be obtained a description of current courts child.  The  weakness  of the substantive law the  court the  child does  not regulate the diversion, whereas the current implementation of the court gives the child the negative impact of stigma on children's self how actors delinquency. Restorative justice model is one model of juvenile justice, in order to protect children in order to avoid the psychic trauma and label / stamp of former criminals. The main purpose of the restorative justice model is the improvement of wound suffered by the victim, perpetrator confession against injury caused by his  actions and conciliation and reconciliation among victim, offender and community

Evolution of orphan genes in Drosophila

Orphan genes are protein coding regions that have no recognizable homologue in distantly related species. A substantial fraction of coding regions in any genome sequenced so far consists of such orphan genes, but their evolutionary and functional significance is not understood. A re-analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster proteome is presented that shows that there are still between 26 - 29% of all proteins without a significant match with non-insect sequences. Therefore, neither the growth of the database nor the re-annotations have significantly changed the proportion of orphans in the Drosophila genome over time. In addition, it was shown that these orphans are significantly underrepresented in the current genetic analysis. To analyse directly the evolutionary characteristics of orphan genes in Drosophila, 774 sequences were compared between cDNAs retrieved from two D. yakuba libraries (embryo and adult) and their corresponding D. melanogaster orthologues. Analysis of substitution rates shows that recovered orphans evolve on average more than three times faster than non-orphan genes, although the width of the evolutionary rate distribution is similar for both classes. In particular, some orphan genes show very low substitution rates, which are comparable to otherwise highly, conserved genes. A general model for orphan gene evolution is proposed that takes these large rate differences into account and suggests that they are caused by episodic phases of fast and slow divergence. Besides the result, that orphans are under-represented among genetically studied genes, additional findings suggest that orphan genes have less obvious phenotypes. For example, in the complete sample of the recovered cDNAs higher frequency of genetically studied genes was found among slow evolving genes, what supports the proposed hypothesis that functionally more important genes with obvious phenotypes have lower evolutionary rates. Interestingly, such relationship is lacking if only orphans are analysed. Additionally, orphans are over-represented among genes related to olfaction, hormonal activity, puparial adhesion, egg membrane structure and perception and response to abiotic stimulus. It is reasonable to expect for all of these functions to be involved in specific ecological adaptations that change easily over time, and accordingly to have mutant phenotypes which are difficult to detect. Finally, comparison between stages shows that the cDNA library from adults yields twice as many orphan genes than the one from embryos. An analysis of only genes having stage specific expression reveals a similar figure and together with lower evolutionary rate of embryo transcripts suggests a higher constraint on use of orphan genes in embryos. Furthermore, expression of embryo orphans is more often spatially restricted compared to a random sample of genes what shows that they act in more localised rather then ubiquitous manner. Taken together, the general characteristics of orphan genes in Drosophila suggest that they may be involved in the evolution of adaptive traits and that slow evolving orphan genes may be particularly interesting candidate genes for identifying lineage specific adaptations

PROSPEK PIDANA MATIDI MASA MENDATANG DALAM KONSEP KUHP BARU

The  issue  of capital  punishment has  always  been a controversial debate.  Pros  and cons  of the application  of the  death  penalty always  fight ditingkatan community,  and policy  makers. Controversy also exists the death penalty in both international and national stage. From the results of literature in various literature indicated that capital punishment is not contrary to human rights, it is based on the restriction of human rights through the law of the country and some international document as efforts to protect the public from arbitrary deprivation of life in humans. The concept of the Penal Code still retains the death  penalty, but it is exceptional and placed  separately from the principal criminal row. The death penalty is applied as a last resort to protect the public from crime. This policy is based on the idea of a balance between the protection of individual interests with the public interest / universal. Keywords: Criminal dead, human right

KAJIAN KETAHANAN VARIETAS KENTANG TERHADAP SERANGAN PENYAKIT Phytophthora infestans DI KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATERA UTARA

The Study of Potato Variety Assessment Resistence for Phytophthora infestans Disease in District Karo, North Sumatra. Potate is a main potential commodity in  North Sumatra where the poduction was marketed to fulfill local and regional needs. This research was done in Cinta Rakyat Village, Simpang Empat Subdistrict, Karo Regency, North Sumatra which was located at 1,250 m above the sea level.  In this research four vatrieties were used; Granola, Atlantik, Kikondo, Margahayu and 0981-1085 Strains which were arranged by random Block Design and each treatment repeated 5 times. The distance between these plants was 30 cm x 80 cm, the plot measurement was 3m x 4 m (50 plants). The distance between each treatment was 50 cm, the distance between each repetition was 100 cm. To protect this plant from diseases several materials were used; 20 t/ha manure, 200 kg/ha urea, 400 kg/ha SP- 36, 200 kg/ha ZA, 150 kg/ha KCl.  Where as pest control was adjusted with the local condition. The research results after 70 days of plantation showed that the lowest intensity of Phytophthora  infestans disease was found  in Strains 0981-1085 (64.45%) treatment, where as the highest intensity was found in Granola variety (79.75%). The highest production was found in Strains 0981-1085 (31.89 t/ha) treatment, whereas Granola variety only reach 12,95 t/ha.  The R/C value was Granola (1), Margahayu (1.6), Atlantik (1.8), Kikondo (2.2) and 0981-1085 (2.5).Tanaman kentang merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan dan menjadi sentra di Sumatera Utara, produknya dipasarkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan lokal dan regional.  Kajian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Cinta Rakyat, Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara, ketinggian 1250 m dpl.  Varietas kentang yang digunakan, yaitu: varietas Granola, Atlantik, Kikondo Margahayu dan Galur 0981-1085.  Menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok, setiap perlakuan diulang 5 kali.  Jarak tanam kentang 30 cm x 80 cm, jarak antar perlakuan 50 cm.  Pupuk yang digunakan: pupuk kandang ayam 20 t/ha, Urea 200 kg/ha, SP-36 400 kg /ha, ZA 200 kg/ha, KCl 150 kg /ha.  Pengendalian hama disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan.  Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman pada umur 70 hari setelah tanam (hst), intensitas serangan Phytophthora infestans terendah terdapat pada perlakuan 0981-1085 (64,45%) sedangkan intensitas serangan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan Varietas Granola (79,53%).  Produksi tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan Galur 0981-1085 (31,89 t/ha), sedang Varietas Granola hanya mencapai 12,95 t/ha.  Hasil perhitungan antara penerimaan dan pengeluaran (R/C) memberikan nilai secara berturut-turut Granola (1), Margahayu (1,6), Atlantik (1,8), Kikondo (2,2) dan Galur 0981-1085 (2,5).  Dengan demikian, tanaman kentang Galur 0981-1085 dan Kikondo layak untuk ditanam

SUATU KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN PENGATURAN TINDAK PIDANA PENGHINAAN TUHAN (BLASPHEMY) DI INDONESIA DAN DI BERBAGAI NEGARA ASING

Defamation  offense  against  God  (blasphemy)  of  the  Criminal  Code  has  not  been  set  explicitly, however, for the implementation of the actions that occur can be constructed in Article 156 and Article 156a of the Criminal Code. But the concept of the 2012 Criminal Code offense of contempt of  God  (Blasphemy)  has  set  out  clear.  In  some  foreign  countries  there  are  clearly  formulate Blasphemy in its penal code (as in the Netherlands, Finland), but also there are not formulating defamation  offense  against  God  (blasphemy)  explicitly,  as  in  Belgium,  Brunei  Darussalam, however  blasphemous  offense  can  still  criminalized  through  article  humiliation  /  desecration  of religious life. Keywords: crime, blasphemy

Capturing The Experiences Of Gender Non-Conforming Children Through The Minority Stress Model

Gender non-conforming (GNC) adolescents experience staggering rates of peer and family victimization and discrimination. Recent research suggests children who present as GNC are more likely to experience distress regardless of their gender identity (e.g. Wilson et al., 2017). Increased mental health issues experienced by GNC youth can be conceptualized using Ilan Meyer’s Minority Stress model (Meyer, 1995; Meyer, 2003). This model posits three major processes related to minority stress: (1) distal - external and objective stressful conditions, (2) proximal - the expectation of victimization or discrimination and (3) internalization of negative societal attitudes related to one’s minority status. Although minority stress has been examined in gender diverse adults and adolescents, there have not been studies investigating minority stress in GNC younger children. In this study we tested whether Meyer’s Minority Stress Model captures the experience of GNC children ages 10 to 12 in a large representative sample. A secondary aim of the study was to investigate if there were race and sex differences in the GNC minority stress model. We predicted that males and racial minorities would have higher minority stress and subsequently elevated mental health problems. Data was obtained from the National Institute of Mental Health data archive which includes Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data from 21 sites across the U.S. Data used for this analysis was from the 2.0 release. For this analysis, we used data from a novel gender assessment completed at the year-1-follow-up visit (n=4,951; 48% female; Mage=11.004). MPlus mediation analyses were used to investigate the mediating role of school environment and family conflict on the relationship between gender non-conformity and mental health problems. A similar mediation analysis tested if feelings of worthlessness or inferiority (internal processes) mediated the relationship between gender non-conformity and mental health. Finally, a moderation model was used to test if proximal processes (the expectation others could not be trusted or wished harm) affected the relationship between gender non-conformity and mental health. We predicted distal, internal and proximal minority stress processes would affect mental health outcomes in 10 to 12-year-olds. In the distal model, school and family environment significantly mediated the relationship between gender presentation and mental health with more positive environments associated with reduced symptoms. In the internal processes model, feelings of worthlessness and inferiority mediated the relationship between GNC and total mental health problems. Expectation of rejection was not a significant predictor of mental health outcomes. There were no racial differences in any of the models. There were sex differences in the expectation of rejection model but not in the distal or internalization of society’s negative views models. Specifically, there was a significant interaction between the expectation of rejection variables and gender non-conformity for males but not for females. Our results indicate partial support for Meyer’s Model in GNC youth. This study has important clinical and policy implications suggesting areas for intervention to improve outcomes for GNC youth