28 research outputs found
Mineral chemistry of late Variscan gabbros from central Spain: constraints on crystallisation processes and nature of the parental magmas
© 2016. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. The commercial rights of the printed and online versions of Journal of Iberian Geology are property of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÍficas (CSIC), and the journal must be cited for any partial or full reproduction
Evolución geodinámica de la fosa del Empordà y las Sierras Transversales
The Emporda basin, together with the half graben system of the Sierras Transversales, form a segment of the European Rift, which is defined here by the NW-SE-trending fault system of northeastern Catalonia.The study area, which partially includes the Sierras Transversales and the southem margin of the Emporda basin, is internally structured by normal faults with listric geometry. Those with measured dip slips of about 1,000 meters are here called main faults; those located in the hanging walls of the main ones are called minor faults, and their dip slips are, at least, lesser in one order of magnitude. The hanging walls of the main faults hold half graben basins, with a sedimentary infill mainly neogene in age in the Emporda, and of quaternay age in the Sierras Transversales. Both areas are geologically bounded by the Camós-Celra fault. This rift segment is also characterized by the occurence of numerous volcanic emission centres. The timing of activity and burial of each fault, constrained by the ages of the associated sediments and vulcanism, suggest a piggy-back sequence of propagation from Miocene to recent times. The geological cross-section constructed from surface data, allowed us the elaboration of a geometric model in clepth for the whole fault system, usiug the inclined shear method. The calculated extension from this method gives us a value of B=1.27. On the other han4 the very high calculated magma ascent rates strongiy constrain the structure in the footwall (crust); subsequently, high angle discontinuities favouring a very fast magmatic ascent have to be definied. These discontinuities would form two imbricate systems (extensional duplexes), with a roof detachment coinciding with the floor detachment of the shallow fault system and a floor detachment located in the MOHO discontinuity. A similar crustal structuration is observed in the neighbouring segment of the Gulf of Lions
The Geological Map of Catalonia at 1:25.000 scale
The sheets of the “Mapa Geoldgic de Catalunya 1:25.000" are conceived as selfsufficient documents.
Thus, full information for the correct interpretation of the geological data must be included in the sheet.
The elements forming the sheets are: 1: Cover, 2: Geological map, 3 : Legend of cartographyc units, 4: Symbols, 5 : Cross-sections, 6: Litho -stratigraphyc logs, 7: Sketch of stratigraphyc relationship s, 8: Stereographyc diagrams, 9: Sketch of tectonic, metamorphyc and igneous processes, 10: Geological sketch 1:100.000 and 11: Authors
Assessment of the Greek legislaton concerning nonhuman animals centered on th Laws 4039/2012 and 4235/2014
«Να φέρεστε ευγενικά απέναντι στα ζώα, διότι η ευγένεια και η καλοσύνη
έναντι των ζώων οδηγεί στην ευγένεια και την καλοσύνη έναντι των συνανθρώπων» κι άλλωστε τι σημασία έχει αν τα ζώα είναι έλλογα ή άλογα; «Σημασία έχει ότι υποφέρουν ή ικανοποιούνται όπως οι άνθρωποι».
Καντιανά ή ωφελιμιστικά το μη ανθρώπινο ζώο απέκτησε μια κάποια
υπόσταση με τη συνδρομή της ηθικής φιλοσοφίας.
Από καταβολής κόσμου έως σήμερα το ζώο υπήρξε το έμβιο, αισθανόμενο ον, το οποίο ο άνθρωπος χρησιμοποίησε και χρησιμοποιεί κατά βούληση θεωρώντας το οιονεί αντικείμενο και θεμελιώνοντας τη θεώρησή
του στη διαφορά και στην ομοιότητα συγχρόνως.
Διαφορά και ομοιότητα υπηρέτησαν αμφότερες το σκοπό της ατέρμονης εκμετάλλευσης έως και κακομεταχείρισης του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου
ως άλλοθι και νομιμοποιητική βάση τους. Το ίδιο πλάσμα που ως μη έλλογο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιείται ως εργαλείο ή τροφή είναι κατάλληλο για
πειράματα με στόχο την παρασκευή φαρμάκων για ανθρώπινη χρήση. Οι
λόγοι που οδήγησαν σ’ αυτήν την αντίληψη δείχνουν να είναι θεϊκοί και
ανθρώπινοι μαζί.
Σύμφωνα με τη Γένεση, για παράδειγμα, ο άνθρωπος κυριαρχεί «επί
όλων των κτηνών» και από την άλλη πλευρά ο άνθρωπος αντελήφθη την
κυριαρχία με τον τρόπο που έκρινε προσφορότερο για τον ίδιο.
Παρόλα αυτά υπέρ της βελτίωσης της θέσης του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου
τάχτηκαν ήδη από την ελληνική αρχαιότητα πολλές από τις σημαντικότερες προσωπικότητες που κατοίκησαν στην πορεία των αιώνων αυτόν
εδώ τον πλανήτη.
Ο δρόμος από τον Πυθαγόρα έως τον P. Singer και τον T. Regan έμοιαζε ατελείωτος αλλά διανύθηκε. Υπό την επίδραση των ανακαλύψεων,
εφευρέσεων και ιδεών το πλήθος των κοινωνικών μεταβολών που έλαβαν
χώρα με ταχύτητα μεγάλη στη νεωτερικότητα και ιλιγγιώδη στα χρόνια
που ακολούθησαν τον Β’ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο προκλήθηκε ή ανέδειξε μια
σειρά κινημάτων με σκοπό τη βελτίωση της υπόστασης του ανθρώπινου
όντος. Όλα τους είχαν έρεισμα φιλοσοφικό- ηθικό. Ο άνθρωπος ως αυτόνομη οντότητα ή αυτοσκοπός αξίζει και δικαιούται σεβασμό · η ελευθερία της έκφρασης και η ελευθερία έκφρασης της ατομικότητας του ανθρώπου οφείλει να ενθαρρύνεται και να περιφρουρείται · αυτές είναι οι
βασικές θέσεις των κατ’ ουσία ιδρυτών, του Ι. Καντ και του Τζ. Σ. Μιλ
αντίστοιχα, των δύο κύριων φιλοσοφικών ρευμάτων της νεωτερικότητας
με απήχηση και στην μετανεωτερικότητα. Ο επιμέρους κλάδος της φιλοσοφίας του δικαίου δεν μπορούσε να μείνει ανεπηρέαστος και οι νομοθεσίες χωρών του δυτικού, λεγόμενου, κόσμου εναρμονίστηκαν σταδιακά
με τα φιλοσοφικά αιτήματα.
Καθώς οι ίδιες αυτές φιλοσοφικές σχολές πρόσφεραν τα επιχειρήματα
και για την βελτίωση της θέσης του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου, οι νομοθέτες
διάφορων κρατών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την προοδευτική μετατροπή της
ιδέας σε πρακτικό αίτημα συμπεριέλαβαν και τη ρύθμιση ζητημάτων που
αφορούν την μεταχείριση του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου.
Ο έλληνας νομοθέτης δεν υστέρησε έστω κι αν αργοπόρησε κάπως.
Θέσπισε τους νόμους 4039/2012 και 4235/2014 με σκοπό την προστασία
του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου. Σε συνδυασμό με άλλα σχετικά νομοθετήματα
φαίνεται να ακολούθησε σε μια περίπτωση την ωφελιμιστική σε άλλη την
καντιανή, ηθική θεμελίωση, όχι πάντα με τρόπο ευδιάκριτο του χαρακτήρα της μιας ή της άλλης φιλοσοφικής οπτικής, αλλά οπωσδήποτε σε ό,τι
αφορά τους δύο παραπάνω νόμους με διάθεση αναχαίτισης της ανθρώπινης αυθαιρεσίας, πράγμα που αναδεικνύουμε στο παρόν πόνημα και
πραγματευόμαστε κριτικά. Παραθέτουμε επιπλέον τη δική μας τοποθέτηση αναφορικά με τη σύγχρονη συζήτηση, η οποία έχει ως αντικείμενο την
εν γένει θέση και σχέση του μη ανθρώπινου ζώου με τον ανθρώπινο νόμο.“You should behave kindly to animals, because politeness and kindness
towards animals leads to politeness and kindness towards fellow human
beings”. Besides, what does it matter if animals are rational or nonrational?
“What matters is that they suffer or enjoy” as people do.
Either in Kantian or in utilitarian way the non-human animals have acquired
some substance with the contribution of ethics. From foundation of
the world to date the non-human animal has always been the living sentient
being which humans have used and still use at will by considering it
as quasi object and they support their attitude by means of difference and
similarity at the same time.
Difference and similarity both have served the purpose of endless exploitation
and abuse to the non-human animal as their alibi and legitimizing
basis. The same creature which as object can be used as tool or food is
also appropriate for experiments with the objective of the preparation of
medication for human use. The reasons which have led to this perception
seem to be divine and human together. According to Genesis for example
“the man dominates all beasts” and on the other hand humans have perceived
the domination in the most convenient way for themselves.
However, as early as since the Greek antiquity, many of the most significant
personages who have lived on this planet over the centuries have
advocated the improvement of the position of the non-human animal.
The distance from Pythagoras to P. Singer and T. Regan seemed to be
endless but it has been covered.
Under the influence of discoveries, inventions and ideas the numerous
social changes that took place rapidly in modernism, with breathtaking
speed in the years following the Second World War, were brought about
or they brought out a series of social movements with view to improve the
status of human being. All of them had philosophical-ethical footing.
Human beings as autonomous entities and ends in themselves deserve and
have the right to be respected; the expression freedom and the freedom of
individuality expression ought to be encouraged and guarded; these are
the basic philosophical positions Kant’s and Mill’s respectively, who arein essence the founders of the two main philosophy schools in modernism
with resonance in postmodernism.
Philosophy of law as individual branch of philosophy couldn’t have
stayed unswayed and the legislation of countries of the so called western
world harmonized with the philosophical requests gradually. As the same
philosophical schools have also offered the argumentation for the improvement
of the status of non-human animals, the legislators of several
countries taking into account the progressive conversion of the idea into
practical request have included the regulation of issues concerning the
treatment of non-human animals too.
The Greek legislator hasn’t lagged behind, even if they have lingered.
They adopted Law 4039/2012 and Law 4235/2014 in order to protect the
non-human animals. In conjunction with other relevant legislation they
seem to have followed either the Kantian or the utilitarian approach, not
always in a clear way regarding the character of one or another approach,
but certainly in what concerns the two laws above with preposition to restrain
the human arbitrariness, which we highlight and discuss critically in
the present piece of work. We also expose our own point of view regarding
the contemporary discussion which has as subject the position and the
relation of the non-human animal to the human law in general
The Neogene sedimentation in the margins of the Empordá basin
The Empordci basin is located at the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula in this Basin several deltaic and alluvial fans were deposited during the Neogene. Three of them are aged Miocene and nine Pliocene. The location, thickness and evolution of the Neogene fans are related to the distribution and features of the faults appearing in the Emporda basin. Such fans are arranged in a semicircular way at the borders of the basin. Their paleocurrents distribution is radial towards the center of the basin. Both clasts, litologics and paleocurrent analysies depict the exact source area of each fan. In the eastern part of the Cavarres fan only a single marine facies outcrop can be recognized, which is attributed to the upper Miocene. The pliocene fan deltas are partially correlable with the marine facies of the same age, located in the center of the basin. The pliocene sediments at Viladomal are interpreted as a Cilbert-type delta with northwest wards paleocurrents, and it was deposited in the mouth of the paleo-Dard river (Corredor d'Albons
Multilayer ISFET membranes for microsystems applications
The fabrication of microsystems in which chemical measurements play a role make the on-chip combination of chemical sensors and signal processing circuitry highly desirable. Chemical sensors use sensitive layers which are not a part of MOS devices and in this sense, the determination of the best sensors and technological processes to achieve good integrated smart sensors is very important. In this paper a study of compatibility of ISFET chemical sensors and CMOS circuitry is presented for application to biomedical microsystems.Postprint (published version
Multilayer ISFET membranes for microsystems applications
The fabrication of microsystems in which chemical measurements play a role make the on-chip combination of chemical sensors and signal processing circuitry highly desirable. Chemical sensors use sensitive layers which are not a part of MOS devices and in this sense, the determination of the best sensors and technological processes to achieve good integrated smart sensors is very important. In this paper a study of compatibility of ISFET chemical sensors and CMOS circuitry is presented for application to biomedical microsystems