Motivation to Learn During Simulation-Based Learning: An Examination of Learner Characteristics in Health Science Students

The purpose of this study was to examine specific learner characteristics (age, gender, and prior completion of baccalaureate degree) as confounders in the self-reporting of perceived self-efficacy, task value, and affective factors in students’ motivation to learn in simulation-based learning (SBL). The theoretical foundation used in this research connects the definition of competency (CAMRT, 2014) with Bandura’s (1986) concept of self-efficacy and a model for motivation to learn (Pintrich, Smith, García, & McKeachie, 1991). This study was investigated across nursing and allied health programs in a Western Canadian institute of technology. A survey was distributed to full-time students registered in health science programs which are known to use SBL, including nursing and nine allied health programs. Statistical analysis, including independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA, was conducted across the variables of age, gender, and whether or not the participant had completed a prior baccalaureate degree with the self-reported responses to the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ; Pintrich et al., 1991). While no statistically significant differences were found between variables, it is recommended that further study of factors influencing motivational beliefs during SBL continue across different allied health programs such that educators develop an understanding of the challenges that may exist within their own disciplines

Understanding What We See: How We Derive Meaning From Vision.

Recognising objects goes beyond vision, and requires models that incorporate different aspects of meaning. Most models focus on superordinate categories (e.g., animals, tools) which do not capture the richness of conceptual knowledge. We argue that object recognition must be seen as a dynamic process of transformation from low-level visual input through categorical organisation to specific conceptual representations. Cognitive models based on large normative datasets are well-suited to capture statistical regularities within and between concepts, providing both category structure and basic-level individuation. We highlight recent research showing how such models capture important properties of the ventral visual pathway. This research demonstrates that significant advances in understanding conceptual representations can be made by shifting the focus from studying superordinate categories to basic-level concepts.We thank William Marslen-Wilson for his helpful comments on this manuscript. The research leading to these results has received funding to LKT from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC Grant agreement n° 249640.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.00

Object-specific semantic coding in human perirhinal cortex.

Category-specificity has been demonstrated in the human posterior ventral temporal cortex for a variety of object categories. Although object representations within the ventral visual pathway must be sufficiently rich and complex to support the recognition of individual objects, little is known about how specific objects are represented. Here, we used representational similarity analysis to determine what different kinds of object information are reflected in fMRI activation patterns and uncover the relationship between categorical and object-specific semantic representations. Our results show a gradient of informational specificity along the ventral stream from representations of image-based visual properties in early visual cortex, to categorical representations in the posterior ventral stream. A key finding showed that object-specific semantic information is uniquely represented in the perirhinal cortex, which was also increasingly engaged for objects that are more semantically confusable. These findings suggest a key role for the perirhinal cortex in representing and processing object-specific semantic information that is more critical for highly confusable objects. Our findings extend current distributed models by showing coarse dissociations between objects in posterior ventral cortex, and fine-grained distinctions between objects supported by the anterior medial temporal lobes, including the perirhinal cortex, which serve to integrate complex object information.This work was supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007--2013)/ ERC Grant agreement no. 249640 to L.K.T

Oscillatory dynamics of perceptual to conceptual transformations in the ventral visual pathway

Object recognition requires dynamic transformations of low-level visual inputs to complex semantic representations. While this process depends on the ventral visual pathway (VVP), we lack an incremental account from low-level inputs to semantic representations, and the mechanistic details of these dynamics. Here we combine computational models of vision with semantics, and test the output of the incremental model against patterns of neural oscillations recorded with MEG in humans. Representational Similarity Analysis showed visual information was represented in alpha activity throughout the VVP, and semantic information was represented in theta activity. Furthermore, informational connectivity showed visual information travels through feedforward connections, while visual information is transformed into semantic representations through feedforward and feedback activity, centered on the anterior temporal lobe. Our research highlights that the complex transformations between visual and semantic information is driven by feedforward and recurrent dynamics resulting in object-specific semantics

Managing tensions: understanding experiences of climate change in Atlantic Canada through a somatic artist-researcher practice

We are living during what is considered Earth’s sixth mass extinction event. Our knowledge of this evokes selfprotective responses. Throughout this dissertation I explore how fifteen people in Atlantic Canada, including myself, experience the loss and threat of climate change. My work explores and observes the complexity of these experiences for fifteen people in Atlantic Canada, including the artist-researcher, in ways that include the lived body, and ways that apply the theories and practices of Somatic Experiencing (Levine, 1997, 2010; Payne, Levine, & Crane-Godreau, 2015) and heuristics of polyvagal theory (Porges, 2001, 2009, 2011). Thinking with Haraway (2016), I look for ways to stay with the trouble, acknowledging that the trouble is shared by human and more-thanhuman kin. I also explore how the work of climate change is intimately tangled with colonization. What has emerged from this (always) partial mapping of experience is knowledge about the embodied tendencies of humans, similar to our mammalian kin, to self-protect in the face of the great threat to our world of climate change. In this dissertation I articulate an emergent methodology name somatic artist-researcher practice (SARP). Somatic artist-researcher practice is a flexible methodology for justice-seeking, somatically grounded, artistic/practice-based research. This methodology is suitable for inquiry into messy, unsettling, and dissonant experience phenomena. It does not offer neatness, a path of least resistance, nor a claim to truth, but honours polyvocality and multiple epistemologies. Somatic artist-researcher practice works towards the impossible, utopic values of being present with others while practicing awareness of orienting to internal and external environments, having one eye in and another out. Somatic artist-research practice follows curiosity and an autoethnographic impulse, embracing fragmentation and failure as part of knowledge production. In SARP, knowledge is gained when artist-researcher enters into relationships in which (s)he risks being transformed in the intercorporeal zone. Links to video documentation of performances are embedded in the text

The perirhinal cortex and conceptual processing: Effects of feature-based statistics following damage to the anterior temporal lobes.

The anterior temporal lobe (ATL) plays a prominent role in models of semantic knowledge, although it remains unclear how the specific subregions within the ATL contribute to semantic memory. Patients with neurodegenerative diseases, like semantic dementia, have widespread damage to the ATL thus making inferences about the relationship between anatomy and cognition problematic. Here we take a detailed anatomical approach to ask which substructures within the ATL contribute to conceptual processing, with the prediction that the perirhinal cortex (PRc) will play a critical role for concepts that are more semantically confusable. We tested two patient groups, those with and without damage to the PRc, across two behavioural experiments - picture naming and word-picture matching. For both tasks, we manipulated the degree of semantic confusability of the concepts. By contrasting the performance of the two groups, along with healthy controls, we show that damage to the PRc results in worse performance in processing concepts with higher semantic confusability across both experiments. Further by correlating the degree of damage across anatomically defined regions of interest with performance, we find that PRc damage is related to performance for concepts with increased semantic confusability. Our results show that the PRc supports a necessary and crucial neurocognitve function that enables fine-grained conceptual processes to take place through the resolution of semantic confusability.This work was supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement no. 249640 to LKT.This is the final published version. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.04

Gender and Racial Disparities in a Youth Urban Agriculture Workshop

Urban youth participation in agricultural activities has been linked to positive educational outcomes. This article explores the gender and racial differences in perceived knowledge gain and intended behavior change among youths participating in a youth urban agriculture workshop in 2015. Participants were students from underserved areas in Washington, DC. Female students and Black students had about half-grade higher (0.43–0.63 points) self-reported scores for knowledge change, whereas only female students showed an increase in intent to change behavior. Our results suggest that female students may learn at a faster rate than males and that experiential learning aids Black students in gaining knowledge

Development and Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy delivered by Psychologists and Non-Psychologists in an NHS Community Adult Mental Health Service: A Preliminary Analysis.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is effective for depression and may be useful for complex transdiagnostic clients. Aims: To conduct a preliminary evaluation whether ACT is feasible and effective when delivered by psychologists and non-psychologists for complex clients in a National Health Service (NHS) community mental health service for adults. Method: Staff were trained in ACT and conducted one-to-one therapy with clients. Measures on general mental health, depression, fusion and values were given pre-therapy post-therapy and at three month follow-up. Results: Standardised measures showed significant improvements post-therapy for global mental health, depression, cognitive fusion and values post-treatment. These were partially maintained at follow-up and remained after an intent-to-treat analysis. There were no differences in outcomes between psychologists and non-psychologists, Conclusions: ACT may be delivered effectively with limited training for complex cases in secondary care, though further research is needed

Learning Warps Object Representations in the Ventral Temporal Cortex.

The human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a critical role in object recognition. Although it is well established that visual experience shapes VTC object representations, the impact of semantic and contextual learning is unclear. In this study, we tracked changes in representations of novel visual objects that emerged after learning meaningful information about each object. Over multiple training sessions, participants learned to associate semantic features (e.g., "made of wood," "floats") and spatial contextual associations (e.g., "found in gardens") with novel objects. fMRI was used to examine VTC activity for objects before and after learning. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses revealed that, after learning, VTC activity patterns carried information about the learned contextual associations of the objects, such that objects with contextual associations exhibited higher pattern similarity after learning. Furthermore, these learning-induced increases in pattern information about contextual associations were correlated with reductions in pattern information about the object's visual features. In a second experiment, we validated that these contextual effects translated to real-life objects. Our findings demonstrate that visual object representations in VTC are shaped by the knowledge we have about objects and show that object representations can flexibly adapt as a consequence of learning with the changes related to the specific kind of newly acquired information.This project has received funding to LKT from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 669820), from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007 - 2013)/ERC Grant agreement n° 249640, and a Guggenheim Fellowship to CR.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from MIT Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_0095

Representational similarity analysis reveals commonalities and differences in the semantic processing of words and objects.

Understanding the meanings of words and objects requires the activation of underlying conceptual representations. Semantic representations are often assumed to be coded such that meaning is evoked regardless of the input modality. However, the extent to which meaning is coded in modality-independent or amodal systems remains controversial. We address this issue in a human fMRI study investigating the neural processing of concepts, presented separately as written words and pictures. Activation maps for each individual word and picture were used as input for searchlight-based multivoxel pattern analyses. Representational similarity analysis was used to identify regions correlating with low-level visual models of the words and objects and the semantic category structure common to both. Common semantic category effects for both modalities were found in a left-lateralized network, including left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG), left angular gyrus, and left intraparietal sulcus (LIPS), in addition to object- and word-specific semantic processing in ventral temporal cortex and more anterior MTG, respectively. To explore differences in representational content across regions and modalities, we developed novel data-driven analyses, based on k-means clustering of searchlight dissimilarity matrices and seeded correlation analysis. These revealed subtle differences in the representations in semantic-sensitive regions, with representations in LIPS being relatively invariant to stimulus modality and representations in LpMTG being uncorrelated across modality. These results suggest that, although both LpMTG and LIPS are involved in semantic processing, only the functional role of LIPS is the same regardless of the visual input, whereas the functional role of LpMTG differs for words and objects.This work was supported by the European Research CouncilThis is the final version of an article originally published in the Journal of Neuroscience and available online at http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/48/18906.abstract