From Alien to Inalienable? Changing Attitudes about Human Rights in the Indonesian Security Sector

This working paper analyzes the extent to which human rights have been accepted by Indonesian military and police officers since democratization in 1999. It finds that few accept human rights fully but most pay at least lip service. Human rights have not been adopted as universal, are considered alienable or alien to Indonesia. Where security forces embrace an active role as defenders of human rights, there remains a gap in human rights protection. Marginalized groups suffer most from the resulting enforcement failure caused by competing normative convictions and unclear legislation. Future advocacy attempts should stress the active role of security forces in the pursuit of a comprehensive human rights regime and consider possible tensions between individual convictions and the universal claims of the international human rights regime.Dieses Arbeitspapier untersucht, inwiefern das indonesische Militär und die Polizei Menschenrechte seit der Demokratisierung 1999 akzeptiert haben. Der Autor stellt fest, dass nur wenige Menschenrechte voll und als Wert an sich akzeptieren, die meisten Sicherheitskräfte aber zumindest ein Lippenbekenntnis ablegen. So werden Menschenrechte immer noch als fremd wahrgenommen und haben eine geringere Priorität als konkurrierende Güter wie Sicherheit und Ordnung. Selbst wo Sicherheitskräfte eine aktive Rolle als Verteidiger der Menschenrechte einnehmen, bleiben aber Lücken im Menschenrechtsschutz. Marginalisierte Gruppen leiden darunter am meisten. Sie werden wegen ihrer konkurrierenden normativen Überzeugungen und einer unklaren Gesetzgebung oft als Unruhestifter wahrgenommen und für gegen sie gerichtete Gewalt mitverantwortlich gemacht. Reformen im Sicherheitssektor sollten die aktive Rolle der Sicherheitskräfte bei der Verfolgung eines umfassenden Menschenrechtsregimes betonen und mögliche Spannungen zwischen individuellen Überzeugungen und den universellen Ansprüchen des internationalen Menschenrechtsregimes berücksichtigen

Air Ion Densities in a Smoke-Filled Room

This study was concerned with the differentiation and measurement of small, intermediate, and large ion densities in a sealed room. It was found that the background density of large negative ions exceeded that of any other class. Under conditions of tobacco smoke pollution, large ions of both positive and negative charge were the major components of the air ion population. This was accompanied by a persistent attrition of high mobility ions both during and after smoking

Bone substitute effect on vascularization and bone remodeling after application of phVEGF165 transfected BMSC

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) promotes vascularization and remodeling of bone substitutes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of distinct resorbable ceramic carriers on bone forming capacities of VEGF transfected bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). A critical size defect of the radius in rabbits was filled either by a low surface scaffold called beta-TCP (tricalciumphsphate) or the high surface scaffold CDHA (calcium deficient hydroxy-apatite) loaded with autologous BMSC, which were either transfected with a control plasmid or a plasmid coding for phVEGF165. They were compared to unloaded scaffolds. Thus, six treatment groups (n = 6 in each group) were followed by X-ray over 16 weeks. After probe retrieval, the volume of new bone was measured by micro-CT scans and vascularization was assessed in histology. While only minor bone formation was found in both carriers when implanted alone, BMSC led to increased osteogenesis in both carriers. VEGF promoted vascularization of the scaffolds significantly in contrast to BMSC alone. Bone formation was increased in the beta-TCP group, whereas it was inhibited in the CDHA group that showed faster scaffold degradation. The results indicate that the interaction of VEGF transfected BMSC with resorbable ceramic carrier influences the ability to promote bone healing

Patronage, Personalismus, Professionalisierung? Die vorsichtige Demokratisierung zivil-militärischer Beziehungen in Indonesien

"Das Ausmaß ziviler Kontrolle über das Militär ist ein wichtiges Kriterium für den Grad der Demokratisierung eines Landes. In Indonesien verfügte das Militär dank seiner regimeerhaltenden Funktion über großen politischen und ökonomischen Einfluss. In den 15 Jahren seit der Demokratisierung gelang es Regierung und Zivilgesellschaft trotzdem, die zivil-militärischen Beziehungen zu reformieren. Auch deshalb gilt Indonesien heute als der demokratischste Staat Südostasiens. Der Autor stellt die Gründe für diese Entwicklung dar und überprüft, wie erfolgreich zivile Kontrolle wirklich institutionalisiert wurde. Er bewertet seine Ergebnisse aus theoretischer und empirischer Perspektive und formuliert Empfehlungen, wie Deutschland und die USA eine weitere demokratische Konsolidierung Indonesiens unterstützen können." (Autorenreferat

Expressed Attitudes Toward Self and Others by Persons in a Youth Opportunity Campaign

Psycholog

Critical Thinking Development Among Physical Science Students

The physical science course for nonscience students has the following objectives: subject matter achievement, an understanding of the methods and philosophy of science, and the development of critical thinking ability. Also, courses of this type offer unparalleled opportunities as a public relations medium between the world of science and the educated layman. It was found that most college freshmen enrolling in the physical science course had little academic experience in the solution of problems requiring critical thinking. However, they were usually quite proficient in work depending mainly upon memorization and seemed to expect questions requiring only this ability. At the beginning of the course they would frequently complain in mild outrage, The answer to this question isn\u27t in the book. This situation led to a study of teaching techniques that might be expected to encourage the development of critical thinking and finally to methods of measuring this ability

Antifungal defense of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is mediated by blocking adhesion and nutrient depletion

Data Availability: All relevant data are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus at the following accession number: GSE97755. Funding: This work was funded by the German Research Council (DFG) Graduation College 685, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: A systems approach to the therapy of nosocomial infections caused by Candida albicans: a commensal organism switches to a deadly pathogen/ PTJ (FKZ: 0315409BBMBF), the Dr. Manfred Plempel-foundation, the Dr. Siegried Stettendorf-Foundation, the InfectERA Program (FunComPath; BMBF FKZ 031L0001A), the Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) project CanBac (BMBF, FKZ: 01EO1002), and the German Research Council (DFG) GZ:HE7565/1-1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD