Isolated total RNA and protein are preserved after thawing for more than twenty-four hours

OBJECTIVE: The preservation of biological samples at a low temperature is important for later biochemical and/or histological analyses. However, the molecular viability of thawed samples has not been studied sufficiently in depth. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the viability of intact tissues, tissue homogenates, and isolated total RNA after defrosting for more than twenty-four hours. METHODS: The molecular viability of the thawed samples (n = 82) was assessed using the A260/A280 ratio, the RNA concentration, the RNA integrity, the level of intact mRNA determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the protein level determined by Western blotting, and an examination of the histological structure. RESULTS: The integrity of the total RNA was not preserved in the thawed intact tissue, but the RNA integrity and level of mRNA were perfectly preserved in isolated defrosted samples of total RNA. Additionally, the level of β-actin protein was preserved in both thawed intact tissue and homogenates. CONCLUSION: Isolated total RNA does not undergo degradation due to thawing for at least 24 hours, and it is recommended to isolate the total RNA as soon as possible after tissue collection. Moreover, the protein level is preserved in defrosted tissues

Isolated total RNA and protein are preserved after thawing for more than twenty-four hours

OBJECTIVE: The preservation of biological samples at a low temperature is important for later biochemical and/or histological analyses. However, the molecular viability of thawed samples has not been studied sufficiently in depth. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the viability of intact tissues, tissue homogenates, and isolated total RNA after defrosting for more than twenty-four hours. METHODS: The molecular viability of the thawed samples (n = 82) was assessed using the A260/A280 ratio, the RNA concentration, the RNA integrity, the level of intact mRNA determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the protein level determined by Western blotting, and an examination of the histological structure. RESULTS: The integrity of the total RNA was not preserved in the thawed intact tissue, but the RNA integrity and level of mRNA were perfectly preserved in isolated defrosted samples of total RNA. Additionally, the level of beta-actin protein was preserved in both thawed intact tissue and homogenates. CONCLUSION: Isolated total RNA does not undergo degradation due to thawing for at least 24 hours, and it is recommended to isolate the total RNA as soon as possible after tissue collection. Moreover, the protein level is preserved in defrosted tissues

Evaluation of the tissue and circulating renin-angiotensin system in offspring of dams that received salt overload or restriction during pregnancy and lactation

Muitos estudos epidemiológicos existentes na literatura revelaram que insultos que ocorrem durante a vida intra-uterina estão associados com diversas anormalidades, tanto funcionais quanto estruturais na vida adulta. Estes estudos revelaram uma associação entre baixo peso fetal e subseqüente diabetes tipo 2, hipertensão e obesidade[1]. Mães que tiveram uma dieta restrita em nutrientes durante a gestação geraram proles com baixo peso ao nascimento e obesidade na vida adulta. Há ainda um aumento na expressão de genes que estão relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, alem disso há menor expressão gênica da aminopetidase leucil específica, uma enzima que inativa a AII. AII é capaz de regular e estimular diversos fatores que podem modificar o metabolismo do tecido adiposo marrom e do tecido adiposo branco, como as prostaglandinas, enzimas lipogênicas (GPDH e a FAS), 3\' - 5\' monofosfato de adenosina cíclico, catecolaminas, proteína desacopladora mitocondrial (UCP1), prolactina. É conhecido que na vigência de restrição de sal há ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) circulante. Desta forma, dieta hipossódica durante a gestação pode alterar o desenvolvimento fetal através de um efeito da angiotensina II. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a função do sistema renina-angiotensina circulante e no tecido adiposo, renal e cardíaco em prole adulta cujas mães receberam diferentes conteúdos de sal na dieta. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram alimentadas a partir do segundo mês de vida com dieta hipo, normo ou hipersódica. Subgrupos de ratas em cada uma das dietas foram tratados com bloqueadores do SRA ou com angiotensina II. A prole teve seu peso acompanhado desde o nascimento até a 12a semana de idade, quando foi sacrificada por decapitação para coleta de sangue e retirada dos tecidos adiposos retroperitoneal, inguinal, marrom, rins e coração que foram armazenados para determinação das atividades de renina plasmática, ECA sérica, ECA renal, ECA cardíaca e Western blot dos componentes do SRA. Restrição de sal no período perinatal induz baixo peso ao nascimento. Maior índice de adiposidade, maior expressão protéica da enzima conversora da angiotensina I na gordura inguinal e menor expressão protéica do receptor AT2 na gordura marrom foram verificados na prole de fêmeas adultas de mães submetidas à restrição de sal durante a gestação e amamentação. A atividade de renina plasmática foi maior na prole de machos adultos cujas mães foram alimentadas com dieta hipossódica durante o período perinatal. Sobrecarga de sal na dieta durante o período perinatal também induziu baixo peso ao nascimento, somente na prole de fêmeas que na idade adulta tem maior massa de tecido adiposo inguinal. Concluindo, sobrecarga e restrição de sal durante o período perinatal induzem alterações no tecido adiposo e no sistema renina - angiotensina na prole adulta de fêmeas, mas não de machos.Epidemiologic studies reported that insults during the intrauterine life have been associated with many abnormalites such low birth weigth, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and obesity in adulthood[1]. Low birth weight and obesity in adulthood were observed in offspring of undernourished dams. In addition, a high expression of genes related with lipid metabolism, and a low expression of the leucyl-specific aminopetidase gene, an enzyme that inactivates angiotensin II (AII) was also observed in offspring of undernourished dams. AII is capable to regulate and stimulate many factors that can change the brown (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism, like a prostaglandin, lipogenic enzymes (GPDH and FAS), cAMP, catecholamins, mitochondrial uncoupling protein one (UCP1) and prolactin (PRL). It is well estabilish that low sodium diet stimulates the RAS. Therefore, low sodium diet during pregnancy may alter fetus development due to an effect of AII. The objective of this study was to evaluate the function of the circulating and adipose tissue, kidney and heart RAS in the adult offspring of dams that received differents contents of salt during the pregnancy and lactation. Wistar rats were fed a low (LSD), normal (NSD) or high (HSD:) salt diet since 8 weeks of age. Subgroups that received RAS blockers or AII were also studied. BW was measured since birth until adulthood. At 12 weeks of age, the mesenteric (MES), gonadal (GON), and retroperitoneal (RET) white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue, heart and kidney were excised and stored. Low birth weight was observed in offspring of dams on salt restriction during pregnancy and lactation. Higher adiposity index, higher protein expression of the angiotensin I converting enzyme in inguinal fat tissue, and lower protein expression of the AT2 receptor in brown adipose tissue were observed in adult female offspring of salt restricted dams during the perinatal period. Plasma renin activity was higher in adult male offspring of salt restricted dams. Dietary salt overload during the perinatal period also induced lower birth weight but only in female offspring in which higher inguinal adipose tissue mass was observed in adulthood. In conclusion, changes in adipose tissue and renin-angiotensin system occur in female but not in male adult offspring in response to salt overload and restriction during pregnancy and lactation

Isolated total RNA and protein are preserved after thawing for more than twenty-four hours

OBJECTIVE: The preservation of biological samples at a low temperature is important for later biochemical and/or histological analyses. However, the molecular viability of thawed samples has not been studied sufficiently in depth. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the viability of intact tissues, tissue homogenates, and isolated total RNA after defrosting for more than twenty-four hours. METHODS: The molecular viability of the thawed samples (n = 82) was assessed using the A260/A280 ratio, the RNA concentration, the RNA integrity, the level of intact mRNA determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the protein level determined by Western blotting, and an examination of the histological structure. RESULTS: The integrity of the total RNA was not preserved in the thawed intact tissue, but the RNA integrity and level of mRNA were perfectly preserved in isolated defrosted samples of total RNA. Additionally, the level of β-actin protein was preserved in both thawed intact tissue and homogenates. CONCLUSION: Isolated total RNA does not undergo degradation due to thawing for at least 24 hours, and it is recommended to isolate the total RNA as soon as possible after tissue collection. Moreover, the protein level is preserved in defrosted tissues

High sucrose intake in rats is associated with increased ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) levels in the adipose tissue

Sucrose-fed rats, a model of metabolic syndrome, are characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and high plasma levels of triacylglycerols and angiotensin II (Ang II). However, whether tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is altered in metabolic syndrome is unclear. To study this issue, food ad libitum and water (C) or 20% sucrose solution (SC) were given to adult male Wistar rats, for 30 days. Body weight (BW), blood pressure (BP), epididymal adipose tissue (EPI) mass, rate of in vivo fatty acid (FA) synthesis in EPI, circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, angiotensins I and II, triacylglycerols, and plasma renin (PRA) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities were evaluated. In kidneys and EPI, gene and protein expression of type 1 (AT(1)) and 2 (AT(2)) Ang II receptors, ACE, angiotensinogen (ACT) as well as protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were determined. In both tissues, Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) contents were also measured by HPLC. In SC rats higher BP, EPI mass, circulating triacylglycerols, insulin, leptin, PRA and, Ang II were found. In EPI, the rate of in vivo FA synthesis was associated with increased Ang-(1-7), protein expression of AT(1) and AT(2) receptors, ACE2, ACT, and gene expression of ACT although a reduction in ACE activity and in adipose Ang I and Ang II contents was observed. In kidneys, AT(1) and AT(2), ACE and ACT gene and protein expression as well as protein expression of ACE2 were unaltered while Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE activity increased. These RAS component changes seem to be tissue specific and possibly are related to enhancement of FA synthesis, EPI mass and hypertension. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Sao Paulo State Foundation (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP)CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico

Exposure to fine particulate matter in the air alters placental structure and the renin-angiotensin system

<div><p>Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), the uteroplacental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) participate in the placentation process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to pollutants on the placenta.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Female Wistar rats were exposed to filtered air (F) or to concentrated fine particulate matter (P) for 15 days. After mating, the rats were divided into four groups and again exposed to F or P (FF, FP, PF, PP) beginning on day 6 of pregnancy. At embryonic day 19, the placenta was collected. The placental structure, the protein and gene expression of TGFβ1, VEGF-A, and its receptor Flk-1 and RAS were evaluated by indirect ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR.</p><p>Results</p><p>Exposure to P decreased the placental mass, size, and surface area as well as the TGFβ1, VEGF-A and Flk-1 content. In the maternal portion of the placenta, angiotensin II (AngII) and its receptors AT₁ (AT₁R) and AT₂ (AT₂R) were decreased in the PF and PP groups. In the fetal portion of the placenta, AngII in the FP, PF and PP groups and AT₂R in the PF and PP groups were decreased, but AT₁R was increased in the FP group. VEGF-A gene expression was lower in the PP group than in the FF group.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Exposure to pollutants before and/or during pregnancy alters some characteristics of the placenta, indicating a possible impairment of trophoblast invasion and placental angiogenesis with possible consequences for the maternal-fetal interaction, such as a limitation of fetal nutrition and growth.</p></div

Mass, thickness, longitudinal and transversal diameters and surface area of the placenta.

<p>Mass, thickness, longitudinal and transversal diameters and surface area of the placenta.</p

Maternal parameters.

<p>Maternal parameters.</p

Surface area of the maternal placenta.

<p>FF = filtrated air before and during pregnancy, FP = filtrated air before and polluted air during pregnancy, PF = polluted air before and filtrated air during pregnancy, PP = polluted air before and during pregnancy. *p<0.05 vs. FF. #p<0.05vs. PF.</p