199 research outputs found
International scientific cooperation as a mechanism for diffusion of competences in the field of advanced manufacturing technologies
Review of the monograph βBegishev I. R., Bikeev I. I. Crimes in the sphere of digital information circulation. Kazan: Poznaniye Publishers of Kazan Innovative University, 2020, 300 p.β
Objective: to assess the completeness and quality of the dissertation research carried out by I. A. Efremova on βInstitute of exemption from punishment in the theory of criminal law, legislative and judicial practiceβ.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in their historical development and functioning, which contributed to applying the following research methods: logical, formal-legal, system, analytical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the theoretical model of convicts release from criminal punishment formed by the author is analyzed; the assessment is given of the regularities, tendencies and dependences established by the applicant, and of the new knowledge on the institute of release from criminal punishment and its norms.Scientific novelty: the advantages and disadvantages of the dissertation research are revealed; it is established that the dissertation research is an independent, complete scientific and qualification work, representing an advance in science and making a significant contribution to the development of the criminal policy of the state, including the doctrine of exemption from punishment.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions set out in the review can be used in scientific, pedagogical, law- making, and law-enforcement activities when considering the application and improvement of the institution of exemption of convicts from criminal punishment
Functional analysis of miRNAs shuttled by extracellular vesicles from diabetic subjects reveals their role in diabetic retinopathy
Circulating extracellular vesicles from diabetic and healthy subjects show different miRNA patterns
The principles of selecting and structuring the syllabus of foreign language teaching aimed at developing the students research competence
Β© 2015, Review of European Studies. All right reserved. The essence of the development of the students research competence in the process of learning a foreign language is to acquire knowledge, skills and work methods allowing students to take the position of a researcher capable both to carry out and present the results of the research in the international language that contributes to unlocking their full intellectual potential in the future professional activity. The methodological basis for solving this problem has become the modular competence-forming, research and integrative approaches. According to these approaches the article discusses the nature and the content of the principles of selection and structuring the syllabus of foreign language teaching aimed at creating the students research competence: the principle of integration, the principle of poly-logic cognition, a problematic principle, the principle of concentrism and the principle of mediation activities by means of learning a foreign language. The article submissions present both theoretical and practical value for the teachers of βForeign Language courseβ as well as for the future teachers
Extracellular Vesicles Released by Tumor Endothelial Cells Spread Immunosuppressive and Transforming Signals Through Various Recipient Cells
Changes in TNF and IL-6 production after diphtheria toxoid vaccination: drug modulation of the cytokine levels
Viral genome packaging terminase cleaves DNA using the canonical RuvC-like two-metal catalysis mechanism
Bacteriophages and large dsDNA viruses encode sophisticated machinery to translocate their DNA into a preformed empty capsid. An essential part of this machine, the large terminase protein, processes viral DNA into constituent units utilizing its nuclease activity. Crystal structures of the large terminase nuclease from the thermophilic bacteriophage G20c show that it is most similar to the RuvC family of the RNase H-like endonucleases. Like RuvC proteins, the nuclease requires either Mn2+, Mg2+ or Co2+ ions for activity, but is inactive with Zn2+ and Ca2+. High resolution crystal structures of complexes with different metals reveal that in the absence of DNA, only one catalytic metal ion is accommodated in the active site. Binding of the second metal ion may be facilitated by conformational variability, which enables the two catalytic aspartic acids to be brought closer to each other. Structural comparison indicates that in common with the RuvC family, the location of the two catalytic metals differs from other members of the RNase H family. In contrast to a recently proposed mechanism, the available data do not support binding of the two metals at an ultra-short interatomic distance. Thus we postulate that viral terminases cleave DNA by the canonical RuvC-like mechanism
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The results of check-up of 65 women with sterility in extracorporal fertilization (EF) program are presented. Radiothermometry was used to estimate the influence of ovulation induction on the state of breast. The dependence of changes of breast temperature on the patientsβ age, pregnance in EF program, scheme of ovulation induction, number of EF attempts, gonadotrophin dose, amount of oocytes received in the EF program, presence of Ovarian HyperStimulation Syndrome (OHSS) , and level of preovulatory E2 have been analyzed. A tendency to an increase of breast temperature in women in the Assisted Reproductive Treatment (ART) program has been revealed. It correlates with the number of EF attempts, gonadotrophin dose, amount of received oocytes, presence of OHSS, and level of preovulatory estradiol, which may be indicative of increased proliferative activity in this cohort of patients. The method of microwave radiothermometry can be used to estimate and monitor the functional state of breast in women of any age without dose load.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 65 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΠ, ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠΠ, Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΠ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (Π‘ΠΠ―) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π2. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ Π’, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠΠ, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘ΠΠ―, ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»Π°,ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π· ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Introduction. Melatonin, being a powerful endogenous antioxidant, provides healthy course of pregnancy and childbirth. Decrease of melatonin levels in blood correlates with severity of preeclampsia. Currently, melatonin is viewed as a perspective antioxidant, able to improve motherβs condition during preeclampsia and protect fetus from unfavorable intrauterine environment.The objective was to study melatonin effects on remodeling of chicken embryo heart tissue under normal conditions and under oxidative stress model.Materials and methods. The study was performed using organotypic culture of heart tissue of 10β12-day-old chicken embryos. Oxidative stress was modeled by adding epinephrine 10β4 Π or homocysteine thiolactone 10β3 Π to culture medium.Results. The trophotropic effects of melatonin was detected at a concentration of 10β6 M. Drug stimulated heart tissue explantsβ growth on 20 %. Epinephrine showed cardiotoxic effects at concentrations of 10β4 and 10β6 Π. Melatonin (10β6 Π) neutralized cardiotoxic effects of epinephrine (10β4 M). Cardiotoxic effects of homocysteine thiolactone (10β3 Π) preserved in presence of melatonin (10β6 Π).Conclusion. During embryonic period, melatonin neutralizes cardiotoxic effects of oxidative stress caused by a high concentration of epinephrine, but not by homocysteine thiolactone.Β ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° 10β12-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 10β4 Π ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 10β3 Π.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 10β6 Π. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° 20 %. ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
10β4 ΠΈ 10β6 Π. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ (10β6 Π) Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° (10β4 Π). ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π° (10β3 Π) Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° (10β6 Π) ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Π°.
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