Re-inhabiting Cold War Sites

In the north-east of Italy the sites of the Cold War represent an excellent opportunity to enhance the landscapes and cultures of the places where they are located. By their nature these sites were part of an international and intercontinental technological and military context. Gathering theoretical insights and design practice for the enhancement of these important sites, this book collects different international experiences around the theme of the reuse and architectural design of recently abandoned military areas to try to awaken attention to these important territorial signs that are in danger of disappearing

L’influenza della Guerra fredda sull’architettura italiana. Due Maestri a confronto: Giancarlo De Carlo e Vittoriano Viganò.

In 2019, during the centenary of De Carlo’s birth, Massimo Cacciari spoke about immaterial architecture as a possible new frontier of architectural research of our time. During the Cold War, new networks were created in Italy, beyond national borders, based on international dialogues and artistic collaborations. After the analysis of some phenomena that characterized the Cold War and the creative processes of architectural production in the twentieth century, this research describes some projects and writings of Giancarlo De Carlo and Vittoriano Viganò. The contribution outlines the influence of Cold War policies on the works of these Masters under the banner of two slogans: “Anarchist Architecture” and “Interrupted Sign”. According to these aspects, it is possible to emphasize the presence of a root of architectural design that tends to the formal disintegration of architecture

Soglie urbane. Alla ricerca di un’architettura biofilica postfigurativa

Rispetto al lunghissimo periodo di permanenza ed evoluzione degli ominidi sulla Terra, l’apparizione del primo homo sapiens – la nostra specie – risale a soli 300.000 anni fa. Il sapiens è quindi geneticamente abituato a vivere all’aperto e in movimento. Nonostante la soglia di casa divida fisicamente i luoghi domestici da quelli urbani, infatti, può essere concepita come un confine labile tra l’uomo e l’ambiente, considerando che tra la propria casa e la città esiste un complesso sistema di relazioni (stanze, spazi semiprivati, semipubblici, strade ecc.). Nel conflitto tra osmosi e cesura si esplicita appieno un rapporto ambiguo, rappresentando l’eterno dilemma dell’essere umano diviso fra desiderio di intimità e necessità di relazione. Queste tematiche sono affrontate evidenziandone l’interconnessione con ambiti disciplinari – solo apparentemente – molto lontani dalla progettazione architettonica e urbana

Sustainable places for future cities. Waste and recycling as substantial part of the design processes of a well-being architecture

Even though the concept of sustainable architecture was born about 50 years ago, governments have still not managed to solve the serious environmental problems that are compromising the survival of the Earth while most communities still retain their old habits of passive consumers of goods that are not always recyclable. Using the example of best practices and waste-made architectures, this contribution highlights some fundamental issues regarding a way of designing sustainable architecture and cities

Clinical management of financial toxicity - identifying opportunities through experiential insights of cancer survivors, caregivers, and social workers

Perspectives of cancer survivors, caregivers, and social workers as key stakeholders on the clinical management of financial toxicity (FT) are critical to identify opportunities for better FT management. Semi-structured interviews (cancer survivors, caregivers) and a focus group (social workers) were undertaken using purposive sampling at a quaternary public hospital in Australia. People with any cancer diagnosis attending the hospital were eligible. Data were analysed using inductive-deductive content analysis techniques. Twenty-two stakeholders (n = 10 cancer survivors of mixed-cancer types, n = 5 caregivers, and n = 7 social workers) participated. Key findings included: (i) genuine concern for FT of cancer survivors and caregivers shown through practical support by health care and social workers; (ii) need for clarity of role and services; (iii) importance of timely information flow; and (iv) proactive navigation as a priority. While cancer survivors and caregivers received financial assistance and support from the hospital, the lack of synchronised, shared understanding of roles and services in relation to finance between cancer survivors, caregivers, and health professionals undermined the effectiveness and consistency of these services. A proactive approach to anticipate cancer survivors’ and caregivers’ needs is recommended. Future research may develop and evaluate initiatives to manage cancer survivors and families FT experiences and outcomes

A PRESENÇA DO FISIOTERAPEUTA NA PUERICULTURA NO OLHAR DOS PROFISSIONAIS DE UMA UNIDADE DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA

This work aimed to analyze the importance of the physiotherapist in Well-child care within a unity family healthcare according to the vision of the health professionals. A descriptive study with exploratory and qualitative approaches was conducted. For that, a survey was performed with twenty-five professionals from a unity family health care in João Pessoa city, Paraíba, Brazil. All of the respondents recognized the importance of the physiotherapist in Well-child care, and the analysis about the vision of the public on the role of the physiotherapist in that field allowed the organization of four categories: Early diagnosis and treatment of children; Prevention of diseases and other health problems; Orientation to mothers; and Evaluation of child development. Although the unity family healthcare chosen for this study does not present a physiotherapist within the multidisciplinary team, the professionals have realized that, the insertion of the physiotherapist for acting in well-childcare in partnership with the group would be of a great value, especially for the integrality of the children’s healthcare. Descriptors: Child Healthcare; Infant Healthcare; Physiotherapy; Primary Healthcare.Este estudo objetivou conhecer a importância da atuação do fisioterapeuta na puericultura, na visão dos profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de saúde da família.  Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados 25 profissionais de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família em João Pessoa, Paraíba. Todos entrevistados reconheceram a importância do fisioterapeuta na puericultura e a análise de conteúdo a respeito da visão destes sobre a atuação do fisioterapeuta na puericultura permitiu a organização de quatro categorias: Diagnóstico e tratamento precoce de crianças; Prevenção de doenças e outros agravos; Orientações às mães; e Avaliação do desenvolvimento das crianças. Apesar de não existir na unidade estudada o fisioterapeuta atuando com a equipe multidisciplinar, os profissionais desta unidade percebem que a inserção do fisioterapeuta junto à equipe atuando na puericultura seria de grande valor, principalmente para a integralidade do cuidado a saúde das crianças.  Descritores: Cuidado da Criança; Cuidado do Lactente; Fisioterapia, Atenção Primária à Saúde

Adverse maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Introduction Despite a growing body of research on the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, there is continued controversy given heterogeneity in the quality and design of published studies. Methods We screened ongoing studies in our sequential, prospective meta-analysis. We pooled individual participant data to estimate the absolute and relative risk (RR) of adverse outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with confirmed negative pregnancies. We evaluated the risk of bias using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results We screened 137 studies and included 12 studies in 12 countries involving 13 136 pregnant women. Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection—as compared with uninfected pregnant women—were at significantly increased risk of maternal mortality (10 studies; n=1490; RR 7.68, 95% CI 1.70 to 34.61); admission to intensive care unit (8 studies; n=6660; RR 3.81, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.17); receiving mechanical ventilation (7 studies; n=4887; RR 15.23, 95% CI 4.32 to 53.71); receiving any critical care (7 studies; n=4735; RR 5.48, 95% CI 2.57 to 11.72); and being diagnosed with pneumonia (6 studies; n=4573; RR 23.46, 95% CI 3.03 to 181.39) and thromboembolic disease (8 studies; n=5146; RR 5.50, 95% CI 1.12 to 27.12). Neonates born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to be admitted to a neonatal care unit after birth (7 studies; n=7637; RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.08); be born preterm (7 studies; n=6233; RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.29) or moderately preterm (7 studies; n=6071; RR 2.92, 95% CI 1.88 to 4.54); and to be born low birth weight (12 studies; n=11 930; RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.40). Infection was not linked to stillbirth. Studies were generally at low or moderate risk of bias. Conclusions This analysis indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection at any time during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, severe maternal morbidities and neonatal morbidity, but not stillbirth or intrauterine growth restriction. As more data become available, we will update these findings per the published protocol

Adverse maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION Despite a growing body of research on the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, there is continued controversy given heterogeneity in the quality and design of published studies. METHODS We screened ongoing studies in our sequential, prospective meta-analysis. We pooled individual participant data to estimate the absolute and relative risk (RR) of adverse outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with confirmed negative pregnancies. We evaluated the risk of bias using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS We screened 137 studies and included 12 studies in 12 countries involving 13 136 pregnant women.Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection-as compared with uninfected pregnant women-were at significantly increased risk of maternal mortality (10 studies; n=1490; RR 7.68, 95% CI 1.70 to 34.61); admission to intensive care unit (8 studies; n=6660; RR 3.81, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.17); receiving mechanical ventilation (7 studies; n=4887; RR 15.23, 95% CI 4.32 to 53.71); receiving any critical care (7 studies; n=4735; RR 5.48, 95% CI 2.57 to 11.72); and being diagnosed with pneumonia (6 studies; n=4573; RR 23.46, 95% CI 3.03 to 181.39) and thromboembolic disease (8 studies; n=5146; RR 5.50, 95% CI 1.12 to 27.12).Neonates born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to be admitted to a neonatal care unit after birth (7 studies; n=7637; RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.08); be born preterm (7 studies; n=6233; RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.29) or moderately preterm (7 studies; n=6071; RR 2.92, 95% CI 1.88 to 4.54); and to be born low birth weight (12 studies; n=11 930; RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.40). Infection was not linked to stillbirth. Studies were generally at low or moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS This analysis indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection at any time during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, severe maternal morbidities and neonatal morbidity, but not stillbirth or intrauterine growth restriction. As more data become available, we will update these findings per the published protocol

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival