106 research outputs found

    On the Complexity of Optimization Problems based on Compiled NNF Representations

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    Optimization is a key task in a number of applications. When the set of feasible solutions under consideration is of combinatorial nature and described in an implicit way as a set of constraints, optimization is typically NP-hard. Fortunately, in many problems, the set of feasible solutions does not often change and is independent from the user's request. In such cases, compiling the set of constraints describing the set of feasible solutions during an off-line phase makes sense, if this compilation step renders computationally easier the generation of a non-dominated, yet feasible solution matching the user's requirements and preferences (which are only known at the on-line step). In this article, we focus on propositional constraints. The subsets L of the NNF language analyzed in Darwiche and Marquis' knowledge compilation map are considered. A number of families F of representations of objective functions over propositional variables, including linear pseudo-Boolean functions and more sophisticated ones, are considered. For each language L and each family F, the complexity of generating an optimal solution when the constraints are compiled into L and optimality is to be considered w.r.t. a function from F is identified

    L’économie circulaire est-elle bonne pour l’environnement ? Essais sur la mesure de la circularitĂ©

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    RÉSUMÉ : Le concept d’Économie Circulaire (ÉC) met au dĂ©fi gouvernements, compagnies et sociĂ©tĂ© civile de s’accorder sur un objectif commun. Cependant, cette diversitĂ© d’acteurs et de parties prenantes conduit inĂ©vitablement Ă  dĂ©cliner les solutions d’ÉC selon des cadres d’application trĂšs diffĂ©rents, et dont la mesure du succĂšs repose sur l’atteinte d’objectifs parfois contradictoires et soutenus par des postulats de plus en plus contestĂ© : (1) augmenter la remise en circulation des matĂ©riaux et Ă©viter l'extraction et la production de ressources vierges conduit Ă  rĂ©duire les impacts sur l'environnement et (2) boucler les flux de matiĂšres Ă  l’échelle d’un produit ou d'une organisation constitue une trajectoire de progrĂšs vers une ÉC. Alors que le premier cas donne lieu Ă  des situations d’arbitrage difficiles, le second cas exclut les effets d’échelle du champ d’étude. À la question initialement formulĂ©e dans le titre « l’ÉC est-elle bonne pour l’environnement ? », nous argumentons que oui, Ă  condition que ces deux phĂ©nomĂšnes soient suffisamment bien identifiĂ©s afin d’ĂȘtre maitrisĂ©s et garantir un progrĂšs vers une Ă©conomie rĂ©ellement circulaire et durable. La remise en question de ces postulats dans la littĂ©rature et l’apparition de nouveaux indicateurs liĂ©s Ă  la popularisation du concept d’ÉC nous amĂšnent Ă  nous poser la question suivante : doit-on dĂ©velopper de nouveaux outils dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’ÉC? La revue de littĂ©rature rĂ©vĂšle diffĂ©rents types d’outils permettant soit de mesurer le degrĂ© de circularitĂ© d’un systĂšme dĂ©fini dans le temps et dans l’espace, soit d’en mesurer les effets sur l’écosphĂšre. À ce jour, aucun outil ne permet (1) de capturer tout l’éventail des stratĂ©gies incarnĂ©es par l’ÉC, (2) d’avoir un regard un sur les situations d’arbitrage ni (3) d’intĂ©grer les effets d’échelle. Sans prĂ©tendre fournir un nouvel outil d’analyse, cette thĂšse pose les bases d’une approche mĂ©thodologique qui intĂšgre ces trois critĂšres. Dans le premier article, nous challengeons le premier postulat en utilisant l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) et le Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) dĂ©veloppĂ© par la Fondation Ellen Macarthur au travers d’une Ă©tude de cas sur la gestion des pneus de poids lourds usĂ©s au BrĂ©sil, Ă  partir duquel nous analysons trois scĂ©narios : la situation courante, le rechapage et le recreusage. Nous proposons une approche pour discuter des rĂ©sultats du MCI et de l’ACV qui identifie quatre types de trajectoires : un couplage, un dĂ©couplage, un compromis sur les stocks de ressources ou un compromis sur les rĂ©servoirs de pollution. Les Ă©tudes de cas rĂ©vĂšlent qu’allonger la durĂ©e de vie grĂące au rechapage amĂ©liore le score de circularitĂ© d'un pneu mais n'amĂ©liore pas nĂ©cessairement les impacts sur la santĂ© humaine et les Ă©cosystĂšmes. Dans le deuxiĂšme article, nous challengeons les deux postulats de circularitĂ© avec une Ă©tude de cas sur le recyclage des bouteilles en PolyĂ©thylĂšne TĂ©rĂ©phtalate (PET) en boucle fermĂ©e aux États-Unis. Le MCI et l’impact sur les changements climatiques rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s par l’ACV rĂ©vĂšle que boucler les flux de matiĂšres au niveau de la bouteille augmente la circularitĂ© de celle-ci et diminue les impacts sur son cycle de vie mais transfĂšre les impacts sur le reste du marchĂ© du PET incluant d’autres applications qui ne requiĂšrent pas du PET de haute qualitĂ©. Or en Ă©largissant le champ d'application Ă  l'ensemble du marchĂ© du PET, favoriser le recyclage en boucle ouverte en incluant d’autres applications pour le recyclage du PET est plus bĂ©nĂ©fique sur tous les plans et qu’amĂ©liorer la collecte est le premier levier d’amĂ©lioration environnementale pour le marchĂ© du PET. Dans le troisiĂšme article, nous dĂ©veloppons une approche polyvalente pour Ă©valuer la performance des diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies d’ÉC inspirĂ©e de l'utilisation empirique de l'IPAT (Impact = Population x Affluence x Technologie). Notre proposition permet de distinguer les efforts d’amĂ©lioration de la circularitĂ© selon diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles d’observation, par exemple par rĂ©gion, secteur, processus ou autre, ainsi que le produit de diffĂ©rents facteurs clĂ©s de la mise en Ɠuvre de l’ÉC, employant par exemple des ratios d’efficience technologique tels que les GES/matĂ©riaux ou matĂ©riaux/produit. L’objectif de l’ÉC Ă©tant souvent tenu au discours du dĂ©couplage de l'activitĂ© Ă©conomique de la dĂ©gradation du capital naturel, nous utilisons cette formulation gĂ©nĂ©rale pour quantifier le niveau de contribution d’une stratĂ©gie d’ÉC Ă  un dĂ©couplage global selon les trajectoires d’évolution des facteurs d’efficacitĂ© technologique. Ce type d’approche permet, par exemple, de dĂ©duire les cibles d'augmentation maximale de production d’un matĂ©riau pour assurer l'efficacitĂ© des stratĂ©gies de circularitĂ© comme nous l’illustrons avec les travaux prospectifs rĂ©alisĂ©s par le cabinet de conseil suĂ©dois Material Economics, ensuite repris par la Fondation Ellen Macarthur. Le premier article montre que l'indicateur de ressources en ACV et le MCI mĂšnent Ă  des conclusions diffĂ©rentes ; alors que le MCI mesure le degrĂ© de circularitĂ©, les indicateurs d’ACV mesurent plutĂŽt les consĂ©quences d’une stratĂ©gie circulaire sur l’environnement. Les rĂ©sultats du deuxiĂšme article ont permis de montrer qu’amĂ©liorer la circularitĂ© d’un produit n'amĂ©liore pas nĂ©cessairement la circularitĂ© moyenne des produits car elle ne rĂ©duit pas systĂ©matiquement la demande en ressources vierges ni les impacts sur l'environnement globalement. Ainsi, les frontiĂšres d'analyse d’une stratĂ©gie de circularitĂ© devraient ĂȘtre suffisamment systĂ©mique pour inclure les potentiels effets d’échelle, soutenant l’idĂ©e selon laquelle analyser la circularitĂ© au niveau produit est en contradiction avec le caractĂšre symbiotique de l’ÉC. La proposition formulĂ©e dans le troisiĂšme article est suffisamment polyvalente pour rĂ©pondre aux trois critĂšres que les outils de la littĂ©rature manquent d’intĂ©grer – les stratĂ©gies d’ÉC, les situations d’arbitrage et les effets d’échelle – mais elle manque encore de pragmatisme dans l’intĂ©gration des effets de marchĂ©. L’emploi de modĂšles d’équilibre gĂ©nĂ©ral pourrait pallier ce manque. À la question « doit-on dĂ©velopper de nouveaux outils dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’ÉC? », ce travail de recherche tend Ă  dĂ©montrer qu’une meilleure intĂ©gration des outils existants suffirait. Par exemple, une avenue de recherche possible consisterait Ă  employer la dĂ©composition de l'indicateur proposĂ©e dans le troisiĂšme article pour identifier la « structure Ă©conomique » caractĂ©ristique d’un produit, d’un composant ou d’un matĂ©riau en combinant des mĂ©thodologies existantes basĂ©es sur une structure de calcul matricielle. L’utilisation combinĂ©e de ce type d’outil permettrait d’évaluer la contribution d’un produit Ă  une ÉC, plutĂŽt que d’évaluer le degrĂ© de circularitĂ© du produit en soi.----------ABSTRACT : The Circular Economy (CE) concept is inspiring new governmental policies along with company strategies. This has led to the emergence of a plethora of indicators to quantify the “circularity” of individual companies or products. Preserving resources and reducing emissions are both necessary conditions to achieve a sustainable CE, and the corresponding assessment tools should be selected accordingly. Approaches behind these indicators build mainly on two implicit premises: (1) maximizing material circularity contributes to mitigating environmental impacts and (2) closing material loops at product level leads to improvements in material efficiency for the economy as a whole. While the first case gives rise to environmental trade-off situations, the second case disregards the scale effects. To the question immediately formulated in the title "Is circular economy good for the environment?", we argue that yes, provided that these two premises can be sufficiently well verified to be monitored. With the literature increasingly questioning these premises and the development of new indicators related to the popularization of the CE concept, we asked ourselves the following question: should we develop new tools dedicated to CE? The literature review reveals different types of tools either used to measure the degree of circularity of a system defined in time and space, or to measure the effects on the ecosphere. To date, no tool allows (1) to capture the whole range of CE strategies, (2) to monitor trade-off situations nor (3) to integrate scale effects. Without providing a new analytical tool, this thesis lays the foundations for a methodological approach that integrates these three criteria. In the first paper, we challenge the first premise that material circularity contributes to mitigating environmental impacts using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) through two case studies from the tire industry. In the most comprehensive case study, we analyze three scenarios to process used tires in Brazil: baseline, retreading and regrooving. We propose an approach to discuss MCI and LCA results that identifies four pathways toward or away from the CE goal: coupling, decoupling, trade-off related to resource consumption or trade-off related to emissions. The case studies reveal that extending lifetime through retreading and introducing recycled material improve the MCI of a tire, but do not necessarily improve impacts on human health and ecosystems. In the second paper, we challenge the both premises, on the environmental trade-off and the scale effect, with a case study on closed-loop recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in the USA. The MCI and the impact on climate change revealed by the LCA show that closing the material flows within the scope of a bottle lifecycle increases its circularity and decreases the environmental impacts. This, however, shift burdens to other sectors where recycled PET is applied and where using high quality PET is not required. However, expanding the assessment scope to the entire PET market, open-loop recycling by including other applications to introduce recycled PET, i.e. fiber textile, sheets and films, appears more beneficial and that increasing the post-consumer bottle reclamation rate is the major environmental improvement lever for the PET market. In the third paper we develop a versatile approach to assess the environmental performance of CE strategies, building on an empirical use of the IPAT (Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology). Our approach can distinguish activities by region, industry or process for instance, and the product of environmental efficiency factors, embodied in T, illustrates key drivers for CE implementation, e.g. GHG/materials and materials/product. CE is often linked to decoupling the economic activity from the degradation of the environment. Hence, we use our approach to quantify the contribution of a CE strategy to an overall decoupling according to the scenarios of technological efficiency factors. This type of approach allows, for example, to deduce the maximum allowable increase in the production of a material to ensure the effectiveness of circularity strategies. We illustrate this approach with data from the scenario analysis carried out by the Swedish consultancy Material Economics, then taken over by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation. The first paper shows trade-offs in the results between the MCI and the LCA resource indicator and thereby highlight relevant issues to the design of future assessment tools; while the MCI measures the degree of circularity, LCA indicators measure the environmental impact of a circular strategy. Results of the second paper show that improving the circularity of a single product does not necessarily improve products average because product circularity does not necessarily reduce virgin resource demand and environmental impacts at a broader market perspective. Hence, we conclude that a CE assessment scope should be systemic enough to enhance progress towards reducing environmental impacts and that the way product-level circularity assessment is currently performed is contradictory to the symbiotic purpose of CE. The approached developed in the third paper is versatile enough to meet the three criteria that current tools in the literature fail to integrate – CE strategies, monitoring trade-off situations and integrating scale effects – but it currently does not allow the integration of market effects in a pragmatic way. The use of general equilibrium models could fill this gap. To the question "should we develop new tools dedicated to CE?", this research work demonstrate that a better integration of existing tools would suffice. A possible research avenue could be based on, for instance, using the decomposition of the indicator proposed in the third article to identify the “economic structure” characteristic of a product, a component or a material by combining existing methodologies based on a matrix computational structure. The combined use of these tools would assess the contribution of a product to a CE, rather than assessing the degree of circularity of the product itself

    Proceedings of the 2022 XCSP3 Competition

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    This document represents the proceedings of the 2022 XCSP3 Competition. The results of this competition of constraint solvers were presented at FLOC (Federated Logic Conference) 2022 Olympic Games, held in Haifa, Israel from 31th July 2022 to 7th August, 2022.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1901.0183

    Optimisation multicritÚre pour la gestion de dépendances logicielles : utilisation de la norme de Tchebycheff

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    Session "Posters"National audienceLe problĂšme de gestion de dĂ©pendances logicielles concerne l'installation d'applications informatiques modulaires. Il s'agit de programmes ayant la facultĂ© d'ĂȘtre configurĂ©s par l'utilisateur, qui peut choisir Ă  tout moment les modules qu'il souhaite installer ou enlever. Un module peut nĂ©cessiter la prĂ©sence d'autres modules pour fonctionner, il peut entrer en conflit avec certains modules, et parfois il peut recommander l'installation de modules spĂ©cifiques pour pouvoir ĂȘtre utilisĂ© au meilleur de ses capacitĂ©s. Il existe gĂ©nĂ©ralement plusieurs solutions (listes de paquets Ă  installer et Ă  enlever) pour passer d'une configuration courante Ă  une configuration souhaitĂ©e. On peut se donner des critĂšres pour ordonner ces solutions, passant alors d'un problĂšme de dĂ©cision (" est-ce que je peux ajouter tous ces modules ? ") Ă  un problĂšme d'optimisation (" quelle est la meilleure solution pour ajouter tous ces modules ? "). Dans de nombreux cas, il faut prendre en compte plusieurs critĂšres. Cet article se concentre sur des mĂ©thodes algorithmiques capables de calculer des solutions Ă©quilibrĂ©es en utilisant la norme de Tchebycheff comme mĂ©thode d'agrĂ©gation de critĂšres. Cette approche est ensuite Ă©valuĂ©e sur des problĂšmes de gestion de dĂ©pendances entre paquets GNU/Linux

    Reasoning on Feature Models: Compilation-Based vs. Direct Approaches

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    Analyzing a Feature Model (FM) and reasoning on the corresponding configuration space is a central task in Software Product Line (SPL) engineering. Problems such as deciding the satisfiability of the FM and eliminating inconsistent parts of the FM have been well resolved by translating the FM into a conjunctive normal form (CNF) formula, and then feeding the CNF to a SAT solver. However, this approach has some limits for other important reasoning issues about the FM, such as counting or enumerating configurations. Two mainstream approaches have been investigated in this direction: (i) direct approaches, using tools based on the CNF representation of the FM at hand, or (ii) compilation-based approaches, where the CNF representation of the FM has first been translated into another representation for which the reasoning queries are easier to address. Our contribution is twofold. First, we evaluate how both approaches compare when dealing with common reasoning operations on FM, namely counting configurations, pointing out one or several configurations, sampling configurations, and finding optimal configurations regarding a utility function. Our experimental results show that the compilation-based is efficient enough to possibly compete with the direct approaches and that the cost of translation (i.e., the compilation time) can be balanced when addressing sufficiently many complex reasoning operations on large configuration spaces. Second, we provide a Java-based automated reasoner that supports these operations for both approaches, thus eliminating the burden of selecting the appropriate tool and approach depending on the operation one wants to perform

    Enhancement and reproducibility of high quality factor, one-dimensional photonic crystal/photonic wire (1D PhC/PhW) microcavities

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    Background: The production of compact and multi-functional photonic devices has become a topic of major research activity in recent years. Devices have emerged that can be used for functional requirements in high speed optical data processing, filtering, nonlinear optical functions such as all-optical switching - and many other applications. The combination of photonic crystal (PhC) structures consisting of a single row of holes embedded in a narrow photonic wire (PhW) waveguide realised in high index-contrast materials is a possible contender for provision of a range of compact devices on a single chip. This trend has been motivated by the availability of a silicon technology that can support monolithic integration to form fully functional devices on CMOS chips. Results: We have successfully demonstrated experimentally an enhancement of the quality factor of a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal/photonic wire (PhC/PhW) microcavity that can exhibit resonance quality factor (Q-factor) values as high as 800,000 - together with a low modal volume of approximately 0.5 (λ/n)3. These results are based on the use of a mode matching approach previously used for device design - through the engineering of tapered hole sections within and outside the cavity - and were achieved without removing the silica cladding layer below the silicon waveguide core. The simulation results obtained in this case also agree with the experimental results obtained. Conclusions: In this work we have demonstrated that the mode matching, as light enters the photonic crystal structure, can be further enhanced through the use of careful fine tuning of the third hole, t3 of the tapered hole region outside the cavity. The Q-factor value obtained was approximately four times greater than that achieved in our previous work on a similar structure

    A bi-dimensional assessment to measure the performance of circular economy: A case study of tires end-of-life management

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    Although circular initiatives emerge around the world, the process of decoupling the economic activity from resource consumption and environmental impacts is far of being achieved. The concept of circular economy embodies the opportunity to reconcile an improved resource use while reducing the environmental footprint. Appropriate assessment metrics and methodologies are needed to identify potential trade-off between these 2 sides of a single coin. In this paper, we apply the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyse tires end-of-life strategies aiming at improving the circular flow of all tire materials. Results reveal re-treading is interesting to produce trade-offs on environmental impacts while re-grooving offers a fully decoupled strategy that improves material circularity avoiding environmental burdens. Further improvements should integrate environmental assessment as well as economic factors to link micro scale to macro scale contributions to sustainable development

    Reptes que ens interpel·len

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    Treballs Finals de Grau de Filosofia, Facultat de Filosofia, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2021-2022. Tutor: Sergi Oms. El volum inclou els segĂŒents treballs: La renta bĂĄsica universal desde el republicanismo de Daniel RaventĂłs y desde el liberalismo de Juan RamĂłn Rallo, Ronnye David Castro VĂĄsquez. Filosofia i feminismes: Construint un marc teoricoprĂ ctic, Maria Huitzillin Feliu i Gil. TeleosemĂĄntica: De signos naturales a lenguajes naturales, Adex Izquierdo Couceiro. Llei divina, de PlatĂł a la Saviesa, Arnau Lonca Puig. El perdĂł. Reflexions de filosofia polĂ­tica contemporĂ nia. Cap a la reinserciĂł social, SĂ­lvia MasmitjĂ  RodrĂ­guez. Una mĂ quina que tĂ© intel·ligĂšncia artificial pot ser conscient?, Joan Oliveras i Fonoll. Ecofeminisme i cures. Com els principis de la interdependĂšncia i l’ecodependĂšncia poden oferir solucions al repte de les cures, Ariadna Romans i Torrent.[PresentaciĂł del volum – Sergi Oms] Aquesta Ă©s la cinquena ediciĂł de la publicaciĂł conjunta dels Treballs de Fi de Grau de l’alumnat de quart curs del Grau de Filosofia. AixĂČ vol dir, doncs, que aquesta activitat comença a estar ja plenament consolidada i esdevĂ©, aixĂ­, una forma de mirar la histĂČria recent de la Facultat i dels seus estudis. Hi podem observar, ja, com la pandĂšmia va impactar en la nostra vida i, tambĂ©, Ă©s clar, en la nostra vida acadĂšmica; hi trobem un relat del confinament, de l’apariciĂł de les classes en lĂ­nia, de les mascaretes i de les distĂ ncies, i de les preocupacions, angoixes i dificultats per les quals l’alumnat i el professorat ha passat aquests Ășltims anys. PerĂČ, malgrat tot aixĂČ, quelcom ha romĂ s: l’interĂšs per a l’exploraciĂł d’espais nous, sovint inhĂČspits, que fan que la filosofia sigui una activitat tan fascinant. Des de l’activitat filosĂČfica, es poden explorar aquests espais de moltes maneres diferents, perĂČ les mĂ©s habituals dins de l’acadĂšmia sĂłn l’activitat escrita i la parlada. La segona es va concretar en els congressos realitzats per l’alumnat de l’assignatura de Treball de Fi de Grau durant el curs 2021/2022. La primera queda plasmada en el volum que trobareu a continuaciĂł: un recull d’algunes d’aquestes exploracions en forma de ponĂšncia escrita.[PrĂČleg de l’editor – Ronnye David Castro VĂĄsquez] El recopilatorio aquĂ­ presentado recoge los trabajos de los estudiantes de FilosofĂ­a del grupo A1 de la asignatura Trabajo Final de Grado, del primer semestre del curso 2021-2022. Su tĂ­tulo, Reptes que ens interpel·len, invita a pensar en la necesidad de dar respuesta a una inquietud o al interĂ©s por el tema seleccionado en cada obra. Es mĂĄs, el tĂ­tulo de este recopilatorio tambiĂ©n representa un esfuerzo convertido en reto, tanto a nivel intelectual, por mostrar el desarrollo tras varios años de estudios, como a nivel personal, por presentar la visiĂłn propia de cada autor. Pero no solo allĂ­ acaba el planteamiento del reto, puesto que tambiĂ©n se puede leer en clave de un reto de vida: el de finalizar un grado universitario, ya sea en este o en el prĂłximo semestre. En otras palabras, representa un hito en la vida de cada autor, ya no solo por haber acabado una etapa, sino tambiĂ©n por encontrarse en un nuevo umbral, o sea, en un nuevo momento de decisiĂłn, a nivel acadĂ©mico, a nivel profesional, a nivel personal. AsĂ­ pues, se abre una nueva decisiĂłn que parcialmente estĂĄ determinada, por una parte, por las condiciones de la propia vida y, por otra parte, por el objetivo que se tenga en los prĂłximos años. Por otra parte, las obras aquĂ­ presentadas son de diversa Ă­ndole: desde temas de FilosofĂ­a de la Ciencia hasta FilosofĂ­a PolĂ­tica, pasando por temas actuales, como los feminismos o la inteligencia artificial

    Multiobjective boolean optimization

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    L’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision a pour but d’assister un opĂ©rateur humain dans ses choix. La nĂ©cessitĂ© d’employer de telles techniques s’est imposĂ©e avec la volontĂ© de traiter des problĂšmes dĂ©pendant d’une quantitĂ© de donnĂ©es toujours plus importante. L’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision est encore plus manifeste lorsqu’on souhaite obtenir non pas une solution quelconque, mais une des meilleures solutions d’un problĂšme combinatoire selon un critĂšre donnĂ©. On passe alors d’un problĂšme de dĂ©cision (dĂ©terminer l’existence d’une solution) Ă  un problĂšme d’optimisation monocritĂšre (dĂ©terminer une des meilleures solutions possibles selon un critĂšre). Un dĂ©cideur peut aussi souhaiter considĂ©rer plusieurs critĂšres, et ainsi faire passer le problĂšme de dĂ©cision initial Ă  un problĂšme d’optimisation multicritĂšre. La difficultĂ© de ce type de problĂšmes provient du fait que les critĂšres considĂ©rĂ©s sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement antagonistes, et qu’il n’existe donc pas de solution meilleure que les autres pour l’ensemble des critĂšres. Dans ce cas, il s’agit plutĂŽt de dĂ©terminer une solution qui offre un bon compromis entre les critĂšres. Dans cette thĂšse, nous Ă©tudions dans un premier temps la complexitĂ© thĂ©orique de tĂąches d’optimisation complexes sur les langages de la logique propositionnelle, puis nous Ă©tudions leur rĂ©solution pratique via le recours Ă  des logiciels bĂątis pour rĂ©soudre de maniĂšre efficace en pratique des problĂšmes de dĂ©cision combinatoires, les prouveurs SAT.Decision aiding aims at helping a decision-maker to pick up a solution among several others. The usefulness of such approaches is as prominent as the size of the problems under consideration increases. The need of decision aiding techniques is salient when the problem does not just consist in deciding whether a solutions exists, but to find one of the best solutions according to a given criterion. In this case, the problem goes from a decision problem (decide whether a solution exists) to a single criterion optimization problem (find one of the best solutions according to a criterion). A decision-maker may even want to consider multiple criteria, which turns the initial decision problem into a multicriteria optimization problem. The main issue arising in such cases lies in the fact that the criteria under consideration are often antagonistic, which implies that there is no solution which is the best for each of the objectives. In this case, a good compromise solution is looked for. In this thesis, we first focus on the complexity of optimization requests based on a set of propositional languages. We then study the practical aspects of the resolution of such problems, using pieces of software designed for dealing with combinatorial decision problems, namely SAT solvers

    Développement de nouvelles réactions de synthÚse organique catalysées à l'or et au cuivre.

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    This manuscript presents the development of gold- and copper-catalyzed methods for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and trifluoromethylated products.Firstly, a gold-catalyzed synthesis of trifluoromethyl allenes was developed, relying on a 1,5 hydride shift. This method allows to access, in a very efficient and selective way, a large range of perfluoroalkylated allenes, of which the synthetic potential was also demonstrated.Afterwards, the catalytic power of gold was then used in a synthesis of 2H-1,3-oxazines, relying on a 6-endo type cyclization of azide-yne substrates. This methods allows to access, in very mild condition, an unprecedently large range of polysubstituted oxazines in excellent yields.Finally, a method for the copper-catalyzed radical hydrofunctionalization of alkenols was developed. The strategy involved relies on a 1,5 hydrogen abstraction, in which a benzyloxy moiety plays the role of the hydrogen donor.Cette thĂšse dĂ©crit le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles mĂ©thodes de catalyse Ă  l’or et au cuivre pour la synthĂšse de composĂ©s hĂ©tĂ©rocycliques et de produits trifluoromĂ©thylĂ©s.Dans un premier temps, une synthĂšse d’allĂšnes trifluoromĂ©thylĂ©s par catalyse Ă  l’or a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e, dont l’étape clĂ© est un transfert d’hydrure 1,5. Cette mĂ©thode donne accĂšs de maniĂšre efficace et sĂ©lective Ă  une large gamme d’allĂšne perfluoroalkylĂ©s dont le potentiel synthĂ©tique a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©.Le pouvoir catalytique de l’or a alors Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© dans une synthĂšse de 2H-1,3-oxazines reposant sur une cyclisation de type 6-endo d’azido alcynes. Cette mĂ©thode donne accĂšs dans des conditions trĂšs douces Ă  une gamme sans prĂ©cĂ©dent d’oxazines polysubstituĂ©es avec d’excellents rendements.Dans un dernier temps, une mĂ©thode d’hydrofonctionnalisation radicalaire d’alcĂšnols catalysĂ©e au cuivre. La stratĂ©gie impliquĂ©e repose sur une abstraction d’hydrogĂšne 1,5, dans laquelle un groupement benzyloxy joue le rĂŽle de donneur d’hydrogĂšne
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