Estudio sobre la patología, la idoneidad estructural y de materiales de la Iglesia de San Mamés (Cantabria-España): propuestas de rehabilitación

Como primer paso a la rehabilitación de una construcción es necesario conocer en profundidad el estado en que se encuentra la misma, de modo que la inversión que va a llevarse a cabo, normalmente grande en este tipo de trabajos, se haga con las suficientes garantías. Tal conocimiento se consigue a través de los denominados “Estudios previos a la rehabilitación”. En lo que sigue, se reflexionará sobre diferentes aspectos de los mismos que consideramos de interés y centraremos nuestra atención en una construcción: La iglesia de San Mamés (Cantabria, España), edificio construido a mediados del siglo XVIII y que responde a un modelo arquitectónico derivado del clasicismo. Si bien las ideas que subyacen en nuestro trabajo pueden extrapolarse fácilmente a otros edificios y a las obras públicas.Tópico 5: Intervenciones en construcciones con patologías estructurales y aplicación de refuerzos

Comparison between minor destructive tests results and finite element models: the case of a sandstone masonry wall tested in laboratory

This work is a comparative between stress and strain results obtained from Minor Destructive Tests (MDT) for several load tests on a sandstone masonry wall performed in laboratory, and the numerical results obtained from finite element models, in order to draw conclusions about the challenges and kindness of the experimental technique employed. Laboratory tests correspond to simple flat jack tests performed on a masonry wall. In regard to the model, a macromodel has been used, assuming it consists of a single isotropic material with elastic behavior, pretending to be a first approximation from which the results can be refined. The parameters characterizing the material have been taken from laboratory results obtained from double flat jack tests. It is therefore a two-way analysis, where laboratory results are compared with those obtained from numerical calculation, and these, in turn, are fed with previous results. By numerical modeling we obtain the stress distribution on the wall, resulting, first, from the load application, and after, induced by the pressure on the flat jack. Thus, we can compare the stress distribution resulting from the application of the load with the values obtained from the simple flat jack tests to validate them, and then study the evolution of stress and strain the wall during the test in order to achieve a better understanding of the process

Methodology for the generation of 3D city models and integration of HBIM models in GIS: Case studies

[EN] The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry increasingly demands the availability of semantic and interactive digital models with the environment, capable of simulating decision-making during its life cycle and representing the results achieved. This motivates the need to develop models that integrate spatial information (GIS) and construction information (HBIM), favouring the achievement of the Smart City and Digital Twin concepts. GIS & HBIM platform is a useful tool, with potential applications in the world of built heritage; but it still has certain inefficiencies related to interoperability, the semantics of the formats and the geometry of the models. The objective of this contribution is to suggest a procedure for the generation of 3D visualization models of existing cities by integrating HBIM models in GIS environments. For this, three software and two types of data sources (existing plans and point cloud) are used. The methodology is tested in four locations of different dimensions, managing to identify the advantages/disadvantages of each application.Carrasco, CA.; Lombillo, I.; Sánchez-Espeso, J. (2022). Methodology for the generation of 3D city models and integration of HBIM models in GIS: Case studies. VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability. 7(2):74-87. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvioijats.2022.1880874877

Fiber optic strain gages for stress analysis by means of the hole drilling technique

ABSTRACT: The article deals with the application of the hole drilling technique on structural elements of architectural heritage constructions by using eight fiber optic strain gages. The objective of the research is the on site deduction of the stress state on stone masonry of architectural heritage constructions. The hole drilling method is a Minor Destructive Testing (MDT) giving information about the Principal Stresses of the local stress state around the measured zone and, in consequence, it favours the estimation of the stresses associated with a certain direction, for example the vertical stress of a stone masonry element. Fiber optic technology allows the storage of the strains in the strain gages even when the unit of measure is temporarily not connected. Thus it will be able to monitor the stress measurements as a time function. The tests carried out have compared the applied loads in a laboratory machine with the results obtained by the hole drilling technique through fiber optic strain gages. Until now only resistive strain gages have been used. In this sense the contribution is innovative with an evident advance towards the complete structural characterisation of stone masonry structural elements

Simplified model to consider influence of gravity on impacts on structures: Experimental and numerical validation

Traditionally, the effect of gravitational force has not been considered in the study of impacts on structures, partly due to lack of knowledge. In most cases, it may be reasonable to disregard this effect, but it is not clear where the limit is and, therefore, in which cases its effect should be considered. Is this limit the same regardless of the type of structure? What criterion should be adopted? This paper develops a simplified model that allows, through a simple formulation, the calculation of the displacement and contact force in an impact considering the effect of the force of gravity on the structural response. In this article, the formulation has been validated with experimental impact tests on beams and also with finite element models. In addition, a coefficient is proposed which enables the evaluation, prior to any analysis, of whether the impact will be significantly influenced by the force of gravity, whatever the structure under study

Energetic and structural retrofit of existing RC buildings through precast concrete panels: proposal of a new technology and explorative performance simulation

In this paper, we present a proposal for a retrofit system for existing reinforced-concrete (RC) buildings consisting in the use of precast concrete panels, designed for improving both the structural and energetic performance. In particular, the proposed system is conceived to improve both the energetic efficiency, by ensuring high-performance thermal insulation, and the capacity of the structural elements under gravity and seismic loads. Firstly, a detailed description of the proposed technology is provided, which has been tested and assessed on a realscale prototype. Then, the efficiency of the technique was explored by means of numerical simulations for both the energetic and structural performance. Although no experimental tests are available, the results of our numerical simulations and analyses on a real case-study building reveal interesting insights, highlighting the main pros and cons of the proposal and providing a possible retrofit solution for uildings that do not meet the current European code requirement

Dealing with epistemic uncertainty in risk-informed decision making for dam safety management

[EN] In recent years, the application of risk analysis to inform dam safety governance has increased significantly. In this framework, considering explicitly and independently both natural and epistemic uncertainty in quantitative risk models allows to understand the sources of uncertainty in risk results and to estimate the effect of actions, tests, and surveys to reduce epistemic uncertainty. In this paper, Indexes of Coincidence are proposed to analyze the effect of epistemic uncertainty in the prioritization of investments based on risk results, which is the key issue in this paper. These indexes allow consideration of the convenience of conducting additional uncertainty reduction actions. These metrics have been applied to the prioritization of risk reduction measures for four concrete gravity dams in Spain. Results allow for a better understanding of how epistemic uncertainty of geotechnical resistance parameters influence risk-informed decision making. The proposed indexes are also useful for probabilistic risk analyses of other civil engineering structures with high epistemic uncertainty environments, since they analyze whether existing uncertainty could have an impact on decision making, outlining the need for extra studies, surveys and tests.Morales Torres, A.; Escuder Bueno, I.; Serrano Lombillo, AJ.; Castillo-Rodríguez, J. (2019). Dealing with epistemic uncertainty in risk-informed decision making for dam safety management. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106562S19

Réflexions sur de la recherche sur les toits verts en Espagne

This paper presents the preliminary results of an investigation carried out under controlled conditions in a physical model on the flow and pollution control capacity of a pilot-scale green roof. The work, developed in the scope of a research project coordinated by the Universidade da Coruña, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia and the Universidad de Cantabria, presents the next challenges on green roof research in Spai

The suitability of risk reduction indicators to inform dam safety management

[EN] Risk analysis can provide very suitable and useful information to manage the safety of critical civil infrastructures. Indeed, results of quantitative risk models can be used to inform prioritisation of safety investments on infrastructures' assets and portfolios. In order to inform this prioritisation, a series of risk reduction indicators can be used. This paper reviews existing indicators for dam safety, tracks how equity and efficiency principles are captured, propose additional indicators and provides insights into how tolerability guidelines and benefit-cost analysis can also play a role in decision-making. All reviewed, analysed and/or combined indicators are later applied in a case study, a portfolio of 27 dams where 93 structural and non-structural investments are prioritised. The case study shows that prioritisation sequences based on risk model results provide suitable and useful information, acknowledging that other concerns may be conditioning decision-making processes. With the results of the case study, a full comparison between all studied risk reduction indicators is made, and three indexes are calculated for all of them to measure how close they are to a theoretical best.The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) has supported the work described in this paper through the research project entitled IPRESARA (Incorporating man-made risk components into general dam risk management [BIA 2010-17852]) within the period 2011-2013 and the project INICIA (Methodology for assessing investments on water cycle infrastructures informed on risk and energy efficiency indicators [BIA 2013-48157-C2-1-R]) within the period 2014-2016.Morales Torres, A.; Serrano Lombillo, AJ.; Escuder Bueno, I.; Altarejos García, L. (2016). 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A new risk reduction indicator for dam safety management combining efficiency and equity principles

[EN] Large dams are critical infrastructures whose failure could produce high economic and social consequences. Risk analysis has been shown to be a suitable methodology to assess these risks and to inform dam safety management. In this sense, risk reduction indicators are a useful tool to manage risk results, yielding potential prioritisation sequences of investments in dams portfolios. Risk management is usually informed by two basic principles: efficiency and equity. These two principles many times conflict, requiring a tradeoff between optimising the expenditures and providing a high level of protection to all individuals. In this paper, the risk reduction indicator Equity Weighted Adjusted Cost per Statistical Life Saved (EWACSLS) is presented. This indicator allows obtaining prioritisation sequences of investments while maintaining an equilibrium between equity and efficiency principles. In order to demonstrate its usefulness, it has been applied in a real-world case study, a portfolio of 27 dams where 93 structural and non-structural investments are prioritised. The EWACSLS indicator is analysed in detail and its results are compared with other existing risk reduction indicators, showing its flexibility and how it can be a very well balanced indicator for the purpose of prioritisation of risk reduction measures.This paper was published with the support of the research project ‘INICIA’ (Methodology for Assessing Investments on Water Cycle Infrastructures informed on Risk and Energy Efficiency Indicators, BIA2013-48157-C2- 1-R, 2014-2016); co-funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’ (Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad); and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).Serrano Lombillo, AJ.; Morales Torres, A.; Escuder Bueno, I.; Altarejos García, L. (2016). A new risk reduction indicator for dam safety management combining efficiency and equity principles. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 13(9):1157-1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2016.1245762S11571166139Blackorby, C., & Donaldson, D. (1977). Utility vs equity. Journal of Public Economics, 7(3), 365-381. doi:10.1016/0047-2727(77)90055-xBleichrodt, H. (1997). Health utility indices and equity considerations. Journal of Health Economics, 16(1), 65-91. doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(96)00508-5De Blaeij, A., Florax, R. J. G. ., Rietveld, P., & Verhoef, E. (2003). The value of statistical life in road safety: a meta-analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(6), 973-986. doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(02)00105-7(2001). The Economic Journal, 111(471). doi:10.1111/ecoj.2001.111.issue-471Dolan, P. (1998). The measurement of individual utility and social welfare. Journal of Health Economics, 17(1), 39-52. doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(97)00022-2Dundar, H. (1999). Equity, quality and efficiency effects of reform in Turkish higher education. Higher Education Policy, 12(4), 343-366. doi:10.1016/s0952-8733(99)00016-1Jonkman, S. N., van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., & Vrijling, J. K. (2003). An overview of quantitative risk measures for loss of life and economic damage. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99(1), 1-30. doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00283-2Joshi, N. N., & Lambert, J. H. (2007). Equity Metrics With Risk, Performance, and Cost Objectives for the Prioritization of Transportation Projects. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 54(3), 539-547. doi:10.1109/tem.2007.900790(1997). Risk Analysis, 17(4). doi:10.1111/risk.1997.17.issue-4Khadam, I. M., & Kaluarachchi, J. J. (2003). Multi-criteria decision analysis with probabilistic risk assessment for the management of contaminated ground water. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23(6), 683-721. doi:10.1016/s0195-9255(03)00117-3Linnerooth-Bayer, J., & Amendola, A. (2000). Global Change, Natural Disasters and Loss-sharing: Issues of Efficiency and Equity. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, 25(2), 203-219. doi:10.1111/1468-0440.00060(1999). Economic Inquiry, 37(4). doi:10.1111/ecin.1999.37.issue-4Morales-Torres, A., Serrano-Lombillo, A., Escuder-Bueno, I., & Altarejos-García, L. (2016). The suitability of risk reduction indicators to inform dam safety management. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 1-12. doi:10.1080/15732479.2015.1136830(2011). Risk Analysis, 31(6). doi:10.1111/risk.2011.31.issue-6Stewart, M. G., & Mueller, J. (2008). A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures. Journal of Transportation Security, 1(3), 143-159. doi:10.1007/s12198-008-0013-0Yamano, N., & Ohkawara, T. (2000). The Regional Allocation of Public Investment: Efficiency or Equity? Journal of Regional Science, 40(2), 205-229. doi:10.1111/0022-4146.0017