Measuring and Analysing the Chain of Implicit Trust: AStudy of Third-party Resources Loading

The web is a tangled mass of interconnected services, whereby websites import a range of external resources from various third-party domains. The latter can also load further resources hosted on other domains. For each website, this creates a dependency chain underpinned by a form of implicit trust between the first-party and transitively connected third parties. The chain can only be loosely controlled as first-party websites often have little, if any, visibility on where these resources are loaded from. This article performs a large-scale study of dependency chains in the web to find that around 50% of first-party websites render content that they do not directly load. Although the majority (84.91%) of websites have short dependency chains (below three levels), we find websites with dependency chains exceeding 30. Using VirusTotal, we show that 1.2% of these third parties are classified as suspicious—although seemingly small, this limited set of suspicious third parties have remarkable reach into the wider ecosystem. We find that 73% of websites under-study load resources from suspicious third parties, and 24.8% of first-party webpages contain at least three third parties classified as suspicious in their dependency chain. By running sandboxed experiments, we observe a range of activities with the majority of suspicious JavaScript codes downloading malware

Dans la tête d’un vétérinaire en visite de bilan sanitaire d’élevage dans un élevage bovin laitier biologique

Séance : SantéInternational audienceIn this communication we carried an analysis of the activity of 3 veterinarians during 3 annual health visits in organic dairy farms. This visit is defined here as a joint activity between two professionals who aim at improving the herd’ sanitary condition. Our qualitative study covers 3 cases of these visits. An analysis grid was designed to highlight the objectives of veterinarians, the dilemmas they face in this peculiar situation and the decisions they make based on their guiding principles. The dilemmas encountered by the veterinarians during the health visit are 1. the choice of topics to be addressed in a limited time; 2. the consideration of the perspective of the breeder; 3. the discrepancy between advices on preventive zootechnical measures and prudent drug uses and the vets’ income being based on the sale of medicines. These dilemmas are solved on the basis of assumptions that differ from one veterinarian to another, for example a partnership posture or a training posture. The health visit is also an opportunity to exchange knowledge far beyond the strict Framework of the farm that improves the technical, sectoral and strategic knowledge search of the veterinarian, especially on organic farming. Finally, the vets does mentor the health strategy of the farmer, which the stakeholders are not fully aware.The results of this study show many opportunities to improve the herd health thanks to the health visit. They also show how the veterinarian can learn from the exchanges with the breeder, during the visit. Finally, the methodology belongs to a process based on the activity analysis and aimed at redesigning the veterinary education. It indeed offers new perspectives for veterinary training and skills to be used during the health visit.Cette communication présente l’analyse de l’activité de 3 vétérinaires lors de 3 visites de bilan sanitaire d’élevage (BSE) au sein d’élevages bovins laitiers biologiques. Cette visite est ici définie comme une activité conjointe entre deux professionnels dont l’objectif est l’amélioration de l’état sanitaire de l’élevage. Notre étude qualitative porte sur 3 cas de visites de BSE. Une grille d’analyse a été construite afin de mettre en lumière les objectifs des vétérinaires, les dilemmes auxquels ils font face en situation et les décisions qu’ils prennent en fonction de leurs principes directeurs. Le contexte de la visite met le vétérinaire face à des dilemmes 1. dans le choix des thèmes à aborder par rapport à la contrainte temporelle ; 2. dans la prise en compte des divergences de vue de l’éleveur ; 3.dans le conseil sur les mesures zootechniques préventives et la réduction des intrants médicamenteux alors que son revenu se base sur la vente de médicaments. Ces dilemmes sont tranchés au regard de postulats qui diffèrent selon les vétérinaires, par exemple une posture de partenariat ou une posture de formateur. La visite de BSE est également un moment d’échanges de connaissances dépassant le cadre strict de l’élevage qui alimentent la veille technique, sectorielle et stratégique du vétérinaire, en particulier sur l’agriculture biologique. Enfin, elle joue un rôle de mentoring sur la stratégie sanitaire de l’éleveur dont les parties prenantes ne sont pas entièrement conscientes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent les perspectives que le travail du vétérinaire lors de la visite du BSE offre à l’éleveur pour l’amélioration de la santé des animaux dans les élevages dans le cadre du BSE. Ils montrent également comment, lors de la visite, le vétérinaire peut s’enrichir à partir de ses échanges avec l’éleveur. Enfin, la méthodologie utilisée pour obtenir ces résultats s’inscrit dans une démarche qui a pour but de repenser la formation à la lumière de l’activité analysée. Elle ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la formation vétérinaire sur le BSE et sa mise en pratique sur le terrain

613 cases of splenic rupture without risk factors or previously diagnosed disease: a systematic review

Background Rupture of the spleen in the absence of trauma or previously diagnosed disease is largely ignored in the emergency literature and is often not documented as such in journals from other fields. We have conducted a systematic review of the literature to highlight the surprisingly frequent occurrence of this phenomenon and to document the diversity of diseases that can present in this fashion. Methods Systematic review of English and French language publications catalogued in Pubmed, Embase and CINAHL between 1950 and 2011. Results We found 613 cases of splenic rupture meeting the criteria above, 327 of which occurred as the presenting complaint of an underlying disease and 112 of which occurred following a medical procedure. Rupture appeared to occur spontaneously in histologically normal (but not necessarily normal size) spleens in 35 cases and after minor trauma in 23 cases. Medications were implicated in 47 cases, a splenic or adjacent anatomical abnormality in 31 cases and pregnancy or its complications in 38 cases. The most common associated diseases were infectious (n = 143), haematologic (n = 84) and non-haematologic neoplasms (n = 48). Amyloidosis (n = 24), internal trauma such as cough or vomiting (n = 17) and rheumatologic diseases (n = 10) are less frequently reported. Colonoscopy (n = 87) was the procedure reported most frequently as a cause of rupture. The anatomic abnormalities associated with rupture include splenic cysts (n = 6), infarction (n = 6) and hamartomata (n = 5). Medications associated with rupture include anticoagulants (n = 21), thrombolytics (n = 13) and recombinant G-CSF (n = 10). Other causes or associations reported very infrequently include other endoscopy, pulmonary, cardiac or abdominal surgery, hysterectomy, peliosis, empyema, remote pancreato-renal transplant, thrombosed splenic vein, hemangiomata, pancreatic pseudocysts, splenic artery aneurysm, cholesterol embolism, splenic granuloma, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, rib exostosis, pancreatitis, Gaucher's disease, Wilson's disease, pheochromocytoma, afibrinogenemia and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Conclusions Emergency physicians should be attuned to the fact that rupture of the spleen can occur in the absence of major trauma or previously diagnosed splenic disease. The occurrence of such a rupture is likely to be the manifesting complaint of an underlying disease. Furthermore, colonoscopy should be more widely documented as a cause of splenic rupture

Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently in connection with endotoxin receptors in mice.

International audienceLow-grade inflammation observed in obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies revealed that this would be linked to gut-derived endotoxemia during fat digestion in high-fat diets, but nothing is known about the effect of lipid composition. The study was designed to test the impact of oil composition of high-fat diets on endotoxin metabolism and inflammation in mice. C57/Bl6 mice were fed for 8 wk with chow or isocaloric isolipidic diets enriched with oils differing in fatty acid composition: milk fat, palm oil, rapeseed oil, or sunflower oil. In vitro, adipocytes (3T3-L1) were stimulated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) and incubated with different fatty acids. In mice, the palm group presented the highest level of IL-6 in plasma (P < 0.01) together with the highest expression in adipose tissue of IL-1β and of LPS-sensing TLR4 and CD14 (P < 0.05). The higher inflammation in the palm group was correlated with a greater ratio of LPS-binding protein (LBP)/sCD14 in plasma (P < 0.05). The rapeseed group resulted in higher sCD14 than the palm group, which was associated with lower inflammation in both plasma and adipose tissue despite higher plasma endotoxemia. Taken together, our results reveal that the palm oil-based diet resulted in the most active transport of LPS toward tissues via high LBP and low sCD14 and the greatest inflammatory outcomes. In contrast, a rapeseed oil-based diet seemed to result in an endotoxin metabolism driven toward less inflammatory pathways. This shows that dietary fat composition can contribute to modulate the onset of low-grade inflammation through the quality of endotoxin receptors