Gravity map of the isla Grande de Tierra de Fuego, and morphology of Lago Fagnano

A complete Bouguer gravity map of the central-eastern part of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, and a general bathymetric chart of the Lago Fagnano have been realized, on the basis of a series of field geophysical surveys carried out on the Island since 1998. The regional gravity anomaly trend onshore shows a progressive negative gradient from N to S. Distinct, broadly E-W-trending gravity minima are superimposed on this regional negative gradient. They follow the main trace of the Magallanes-Fagnano fault system, which represents the western segment of the left-lateral South America-Scotia transform plate boundary. The gravity minima reflect the presence in the subsurface of restricted and elongated basins developed within the principal displacement zone of the fault system. A relative positive gravity maximum is located just at the SE corner of the Lago Fagnano, and represents the response of a partially exposed crystalline body, occupying an area 3 x 3 km wide. A 2D vertical crustal model has been constructed, combining gravity data inversion and geological information available for the central-eastern region of Lago Fagnano. The bathymetric map of the Lago Fagnano delineates the main morphological features of this 110-km-long, 7-km-wide lake, the largest of Isla Grande. The floor is divided into distinct parts, which suggests that the basin is composed of different sub-basins. In most areas, the basin floor is highly asymmetric in shape, with flat depocentral areas. The most pronounced asymmetry of the basin is seen in the eastern end of the lake, where there is also the deepest depression. The steeper slope of the basin, along the northern shore of the Lago Fagnano, also coincides with the most pronounced regional topographic gradient. The general gravimetric and morphological features of the investigated region are here discussed

Seismostratigraphic and structural setting of the Malvinas Basin and its southern margin (Tierra del fuego Atlantic offshore)

New multichannel seismic reflection profiles acquired off the Tierra del Fuego Atlantic margin, from the southern part of the Malvinas foreland basin to the inner sector of the Magallanes fold and thrust belt, combined with available commercial profiles and exploration wells, allowed to outline the sedimentary architecture of the foreland basin and the structure of its deformed southern margin. Five major unconformities were differentiated within the sedimentary fill of the southern Malvinas basin, which neighbours the offshore extension of the Magallanes basin in Tierra del Fuego. The unconformity-bounded units record the corresponding major evolutionary tectonostratigraphic phases of the southern part of the Malvinas basin, and the development of the Magallanes fold-and thrust belt during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times: Unit 1 - Pre-Jurassic basement; Unit 2 - Rift phase (Middle - Upper Jurassic); Unit 3 - Sag phase (Lower – Upper Cretaceous); Unit 4 – Foredeep transitional phase (Upper Cretaceous - Middle Eocene); Unit 5 - Foreland phase (Middle Eocene - Pleistocene). The southern edge of the Malvinas basin corresponds to the imbricate basement wedges of the Fuegian Cordillera, which shows a thick-skin structural style developed as a consequence of the Middle Tertiary Andean compressional tectonic phase. Large folds, with low angle NE-verging thrusts propagated the shortening basin-ward at shallow structural levels. These structures are superimposed by an array of left-lateral strike-slip lineaments pertaining to the EW trending Magallanes-Fagnano fault system. In the Tierra del Fuego region these structures represent the western segment of the South America – Scotia plate boundary. Several Neogene pull-apart basins were formed along the principal deformation zone in correspondence of step-overs and releasing bends. These basins show an evident asymmetry in the sedimentary architecture, and are bounded by sub-vertical faults that in some cases reach the sea-floor. Other transtensional features were also recognized in the inner sector of the fold-and-thrust belt together with the formation of restricted pull-apart basins

International trade, development traps, and the core-periphery structure of income inequality

Research on economic complexity has shown that a countrys type of exports conditions its future path of economic diversification and economic growth. Yet little emphasis has been put on the inequality associated with the types of products traded between countries and different regions of the world. Here we analyze the income inequality associated with the imports and exports of 116 countries in the period from 1970 to 2010. Our analysis shows that methods from network science and visual complexity research can help to reevaluate old theories in economics, such as coreperiphery structures in international trade or structural development traps. Our results illustrate that the core-periphery structure of global trade affects not only the income inequality between countries, but also the income inequality within countries. Moreover, they reveal the structural constraints that developing and emerging economies face in promoting inclusive growth and benchmark their productive transformations with cases of successful catching up and developed economies. The results show that countries, such as South Korea or Germany, have benefited from outsourcing high inequality products. In contrast, some middle-income countries, such as Brazil or South Africa, face structural development constraints consisting of a large average distance of their export products to low inequality products and a gravitational force towards high inequality products. Finally, developing economies, such as Nicaragua or Sri Lanka face a double development trap for inclusive growth, as their economies depend on both a large share of high inequality exports and imports

Yeast : the soul of beer’s aroma—a review of flavour-active esters and higher alcohols produced by the brewing yeast

Among the most important factors influencing beer quality is the presence of well-adjusted amounts of higher alcohols and esters. Thus, a heavy body of literature focuses on these substances and on the parameters influencing their production by the brewing yeast. Additionally, the complex metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis require special attention. More than a century of data, mainly in genetic and proteomic fields, has built up enough information to describe in detail each step in the pathway for the synthesis of higher alcohols and their esters, but there is still place for more. Higher alcohols are formed either by anabolism or catabolism (Ehrlich pathway) of amino acids. Esters are formed by enzymatic condensation of organic acids and alcohols. The current paper reviews the up-to-date knowledge in the pathways involving the synthesis of higher alcohols and esters by brewing yeasts. Fermentation parameters affecting yeast response during biosynthesis of these aromatic substances are also fully reviewed.Eduardo Pires gratefully acknowledges the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for the PhD fellowship support (SFRH/BD/61777/2009). The financial contributions of the EU FP7 project Ecoefficient Biodegradable Composite Advanced Packaging (EcoBioCAP, grant agreement no. 265669) as well as of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (project GACR P503/12/1424) are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (MSM 6046137305) for their financial support

Ca isotope fingerprints of early crust-mantle evolution

Among the most important factors influencing beer quality is the presence of well-adjusted amounts of higher alcohols and esters; as well as the successful reduction of undesirable by-products such as diacetyl. While higher alcohols and esters contribute rather positively to the beer aroma, diacetyl is mostly unwelcome for beer types with lighter taste. Thus, the complex metabolic pathways in yeast responsible for the synthesis of both pleasant and unpleasant by-products of fermentation were given special attention in this last chapter

Myosin light chains of avian and mammalian slow muscles: peptide mapping of 2S light chains.

J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 1984 Aug;5(4):411-21. Myosin light chains of avian and mammalian slow muscles: peptide mapping of 2S light chains. Dalla Libera L, Betto R, Lodolo R, Carraro U. Abstract The 2S light chains of mammalian and avian slow muscle myosin, indistinguishable by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, have been examined by peptide mapping. The fragments obtained with S. aureus V8 protease were analysed either by gel electrophoresis or by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The peptide maps of avian 2S light chains contain fragments distinct from those of mammalian 2S light chains. Chicken and turkey LC2S appear to be more similar to each other than those from mammalian species (rat and rabbit). These results are in agreement with the relative phylogenetic distances among the four species studied here. The 2S light chain of slow muscle represent further examples of polypeptides which comigrate in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in spite of their different peptide maps. PMID: 6384262 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Relationships between magmatism and tectonics in a continental rift: The Pantelleria Island region (Sicily Channel, Italy)

Field geological data of the Pantelleria Island, a large Late Quaternary volcano located in the Sicily Channel rift zone, integrated with offshore geophysical information, are used to derive the structural setting of the Island and the surrounding region, and to analyse the relationships between tectonics and magmatism. Field work shows that the principal faults exposed on the Island fall into two systems trending NNE–SSW and NW–SE. Mapped faults from offshore multichannel seismic profiles show similar trends, and some of them represent the offshore extension of the Pantelleria Island structures. The NW–SE faults bound the Pantelleria Graben, one of the three main depressions formed since the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene within the African continental platform, which compose the Sicily Channel rift zone. A 3-D Moho depth geometry, derived from inversion of Bouguer gravity data, shows a significant uplift of the discontinuity up to 16–17 km beneath the westernmost part of the Pantelleria Graben and beneath the Pantelleria Island; it lows rapidly to 24–25 km away from the graben northeastward and south-westward. The Moho uplift could explain the presence of a shallow magma chamber in the southern part of the Island, where processes of magmatic differentiation are documented. Geological and geophysical data suggest that the northwestern part of the Sicily Channel is presently dominated by a roughly E–W directed extensional regime. Crustal cracking feeding the Quaternary volcanism could be also related to this extensional field that would be further responsible for the development of the N–S trending volcanic belt that extends in the Sicily Channel from Lampedusa Island to the Graham Bank. This mode of deformation is confirmed also by geodetic data. This implies that in the northwestern part of the Sicily Channel, the E–W extension replaced the NE–SW crustal stretching that originated the NW-trending tectonic depressions constituting the rift zone. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Occurrence of shallow gas in the easternmost Lago Fagnano (Tierra del Fuego)

High-resolution seismic profiles acquired in the eastern sector of Lago Fagnano, the southernmost ice-free lake in the world, have shown the presence of very shallow gas-bearing layers in the upper sedimentary sequences. The gas-related features observed on seismic profiles include a typical, very strong reflection with reversed polarity, multiple reflections and acoustic blanking that hide subsurface sedimentary and structural features. The top of the acoustically high-amplitude layer is located between 0.3-1.7 m below the lake floor. It generally forms a sharp boundary, often marked by a varying offset probably due to different levels of gas penetration, which could be related to the lithology of the overlying sediments. To confirm the presence of gas, some gravity cores were recovered in places where the blanking effect was most relevant and in the supposed gas-free zone. Sediment core analyses have highlighted the occurrence of significant organic-rich components within the uppermost, largely unconsolidated sedimentary layers, in correspondence of the seismically-detected gassy zone, whereas only a few organic layers were found in the gas-free zone. We assume that the main origin of gas is linked to the presence of a shallow, thin peat-rich layer of Middle-Late Holocene age. In fact, the mapped gassy zone occurs in correspondence of the outlet of the Rio Turbio, the principal tributary of Lago Fagnano, which discharges waters coming from a relatively small sag pond located immediately to the east of the eastern shore of the lake. To date, this is the first evidence of shallow gas in Tierra del Fuego lakes.Fil: Lodolo, Emanuele. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; ItaliaFil: Baradello, L.. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; ItaliaFil: Darbo, A.. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; ItaliaFil: Caffau, Mauro. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; ItaliaFil: Tassone, Alejandro Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; ArgentinaFil: Lippai, Horacio Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; ArgentinaFil: Lodolo, A.. Hydrotech. Area Science Park; ItaliaFil: De Zorzi, G.. Hydrotech. Area Science Park; ItaliaFil: Grossi, M.. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; Itali