On the possibility of the determining the average mass composition near 10 to the 14th power eV through the solar magnetic field

The discovery of primary ultrahigh energy (UHE) gamma-rays has spawned plans for a new generation of air shower experiments with unprecedented directional resolution. Such accuracy permits observation of a cosmic ray shadow due to the solar disc. Particle trajectory simulations through models of the large scale solar magnetic field were performed. The shadow is apparent above 10 to the 15th power eV for all cosmic ray charges /Z/ 26; at lower energies, trajectories close to the Sun are bent sufficiently for this shadow to be lost. The onset of the shadow is rigidity dependent, and occurs at an energy per nucleus of approx. Z x 10 to the 13th power eV. The possibility of determining the average mass composition near 10 to the 14th power eV from 1 year's observation at a mountain altitude array is investigated

Identity: A Final MA Portfolio

This is the portfolio submission for my Master\u27s in English with a specialization in English Teaching

Focus groups, community engagement, and researching with young people

Over the last decade, participatory action research (PAR) has been increasingly used in geography in an attempt to move away from identifying and theorizing problems towards engaging with social action, impact and empowering local communities. Participatory research is seen by many geographers to produce more relevant, non- hierarchical and morally aware forms of social geography and it can act as a ‘lever’ and subsequent indicator in the cohesion and engagement of young people in community development. Drawing on these debates, this chapter critically explores the use of focus groups and other group-based methodologies with young people through the lens of a participatory action research project undertaken in a ‘disadvantaged’ neighbourhood in the town of Reading, UK. It explores the ways in which participatory focus groups, and associated group based methods such as ‘go-alongs’, can offer tools for understanding young people’s group behaviours, interactions and norms, particularly as part of a multi-method approach to community-based field research. Using the project as a lens for understanding youth engagement, the chapter also seeks to address the intricacies, complexities and messiness of researching with young people in order to understand how methodologies learned in the classroom can be transitioned to the field. Following a discussion of PAR and community engagement, the chapter critically explores the strengths and weaknesses of using focus groups with young people before examining other more mobile ways of doing group research. It then provides a discussion of the logistics of planning, recruiting and facilitating focus groups and concludes by offering some simple yet effective ways of engaging young people in social action

Acute inpatient mental health wards and inpatient alternatives: a quantitative comparison of the care provided

Background: Literature indicates widespread dissatisfaction with UK acute psychiatric wards. Patients report boredom and insufficient time with staff. Residential alternatives to acute wards have been developed. Aims: 1) To review literature for the effectiveness and acceptability of alternatives 2) To identify or develop measures of content of care for acute inpatient and residential crisis services 3) To compare the content of care at alternatives and standard services and understand its relationship to patient satisfaction. Hypotheses tested were that alternatives provide greater total care, more social and psychological interventions but fewer physical and pharmacological interventions than standard wards. Method: A systematic review of studies evaluating alternatives was conducted. Measures of content of care were reviewed. New measures were developed (CaSPAR, CaRICE and CCCQ-P) and their psychometrics explored. Data were collected from 4 alternatives and 4 standard services using CaSPAR (n=224), CaRICE (1 recording week per service), CCCQ-P and CSQ (n=314). The relationship of service type, patient characteristics and CCCQ-P scores to patient satisfaction was explored. Results: The limited current evidence does not contra-indicate alternatives and suggests patient satisfaction may be greater at community alternatives than standard wards. No study hypotheses were corroborated. Sub-group analysis indicated community alternatives provided more psychological and less physical and pharmacological care than standard wards. All CCCQ-P variables were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction was greatest at community alternatives. It remained significantly greater at alternatives than standard wards after adjusting for CCCQ-P variables. Discussion: Community alternatives are a promising service model. Their greater acceptability than standard wards was not explained by measured differences in care. Intensity of care may influence patient satisfaction more than the types of intervention provided. Increasing staff-patient contact should be an aim for alternative and standard services. There may be differing, valid perspectives about what constitutes care: multi-methods assessment is required

Rights of Employee and Employer against a Tortious Third Party under Workmen\u27s Compensation Acts

Rights of Employee and Employer against a Tortious Third Party under Workmen\u27s Compensation Act

An Assessment of Past NASA Program Sponsored Pre-service and In-service Teachers to Determine the Impact of Their Training and Preparation for the Computer Technology Standards of Learning for Virginia Public School Educators

To assist in solving these problems, the following objectives have been established: 1. To measure how well prepared the pre-service teachers are to use and teach instructional computer technology; 2. To measure in-service teachers\u27 computer technology skills; 3. Assess teachers\u27 integration of computer technology into the core curriculum; 4. Conduct a diminutive program evaluation of NASA computer technology education programs

Biosynthesis and signalling functions of central and peripheral nervous system neurosteroids in health and disease

Neurosteroids are steroid hormones synthesised de novo in the brain and peripheral nervous tissues. In contrast to adrenal steroid hormones that act on intracellular nuclear receptors, neurosteroids directly modulate plasma membrane ion channels and regulate intracellular signalling. This review provides an overview of the work that led to the discovery of neurosteroids, our current understanding of their intracellular biosynthetic machinery, and their roles in regulating the development and function of nervous tissue. Neurosteroids mediate signalling in the brain via multiple mechanisms. Here, we describe in detail their effects on GABA (inhibitory) and NMDA (excitatory) receptors, two signalling pathways of opposing function. Furthermore, emerging evidence points to altered neurosteroid function and signalling in neurological disease. This review focuses on neurodegenerative diseases associated with altered neurosteroid metabolism, mainly Niemann-Pick type C, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Finally, we summarise the use of natural and synthetic neurosteroids as current and emerging therapeutics alongside their potential use as disease biomarkers