182 research outputs found

    A Sensitivity Matrix Methodology for Inverse Problem Formulation

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    We propose an algorithm to select parameter subset combinations that can be estimated using an ordinary least-squares (OLS) inverse problem formulation with a given data set. First, the algorithm selects the parameter combinations that correspond to sensitivity matrices with full rank. Second, the algorithm involves uncertainty quantification by using the inverse of the Fisher Information Matrix. Nominal values of parameters are used to construct synthetic data sets, and explore the effects of removing certain parameters from those to be estimated using OLS procedures. We quantify these effects in a score for a vector parameter defined using the norm of the vector of standard errors for components of estimates divided by the estimates. In some cases the method leads to reduction of the standard error for a parameter to less than 1% of the estimate

    Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Quantication for an Epidemic Model

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    We examine estimation of the parameters of Susceptible-Infective-Recovered (SIR) models in the context of least squares. We review the use of asymptotic statistical theory and sensitivity analysis to obtain measures of uncertainty for estimates of the model parameters and the basic reproductive number (R0 )—an epidemiologically significant parameter grouping. We find that estimates of different parameters, such as the transmission parameter and recovery rate, are correlated, with the magnitude and sign of this correlation depending on the value of R0. Situations are highlighted in which this correlation allows R0 to be estimated with greater ease than its constituent parameters. Implications of correlation for parameter identifiability are discussed. Uncertainty estimates and sensitivity analysis are used to investigate how the frequency at which data is sampled affects the estimation process and how the accuracy and uncertainty of estimates improves as data is collected over the course of an outbreak. We assess the informativeness of individual data points in a given time series to determine when more frequent sampling (if possible) would prove to be most beneficial to the estimation process. This technique can be used to design data sampling schemes in more general contexts

    A Killer–Rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs

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    A number of genetic mechanisms have been suggested for driving anti-pathogen genes into natural populations. Each of these mechanisms requires complex genetic engineering, and most are theoretically expected to permanently spread throughout the target species' geographical range. In the near term, risk issues and technical limits of molecular methods could delay the development and use of these mechanisms. We propose a gene-drive mechanism that can be self-limiting over time and space, and is simpler to build. This mechanism involves one gene that codes for toxicity (killer) and a second that confers immunity to the toxic effects (rescue). We use population-genetic models to explore cases with one or two independent insertions of the killer gene and one insertion of the rescue gene. We vary the dominance and penetrance of gene action, as well as the magnitude of fitness costs. Even with the fitness costs of 10 per cent for each gene, the proportion of mosquitoes expected to transmit the pathogen decreases below 5 per cent for over 40 generations after one 2 : 1 release (engineered : wild) or after four 1 : 2 releases. Both the killer and rescue genes will be lost from the population over time, if the rescue construct has any associated fitness cost. Molecular approaches for constructing strains are discussed

    Конструкційна міцність багатошарових елементів машин з дефектами структури

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    У дисертаційній роботі вирішений ряд важливих науково-технічних завдань, які включають в себе обґрунтування моделей і методик розрахунку напружено-деформованого та термопружного стану багатошарових оболонок обертання з міжшаровими дефектами структури. Розроблені алгоритми, програми, методики досліджень та отримані на їх основі теоретикоекспериментальні результати показали наявність нових особливостей деформованого стану розглянутих конструкцій. Побудовано замкнену систему диференціальних рівнянь та відповідні крайові умови незв'язаної стаціонарної задачі термопружного деформування багатошарової композитної оболонки, що дозволяють врахувати деформації поперечного зсуву і трансверсального обтиснення, забезпечити умови механічного і теплового сполучення шарів і умови термомеханічного навантаження на лицьових поверхнях такої оболонки. На основі класичної теорії пружності анізотропного тіла розроблений чисельно-аналітичний підхід розв’язання термопружних незв’язаних крайових задач для циліндричних товстостінних оболонок за умови як ідеального, так і неідеального контакту суміжних шарів по сполученим поверхням. Встановлено вплив температурних навантажень на напружено-деформований стан ущільнення робочого колеса, виготовленого із композиційних матеріалів.В диссертационной работе решен ряд важных научно-технических задач, которые включают в себя обоснование моделей и методик расчета напряженно-деформированного и термоупругого состояния многослойных оболочек вращения с межслойными дефектами структуры. Разработанные алгоритмы, программы, методики исследований и полученные на их основе теоретико-экспериментальные результаты показали наличие новых особенностей деформированного состояния рассматриваемых конструкций. Построено замкнутую систему дифференциальных уравнений и соответствующие краевые условия несвязанной стационарной задачи термоупругого деформирования многослойной композитной оболочки, позволяющие учесть деформации поперечного сдвига и трансверсального обжатия, обеспечить условия механического и теплового сопряжения слоев и условия термомеханической нагрузки на лицевых поверхностях такой оболочки. На основе классической теории упругости анизотропного тела разработан численно-аналитический подход решения термоупругих несвязанных краевых задач для цилиндрических толстостенных оболочек при условии как идеального, так и неидеального контакта соседних слоев по сопряженным поверхностям. Установлено влияние температурных нагрузок на напряженно-деформированное состояние уплотнения рабочего колеса, изготовленного из композиционных материалов. Решена задача прочности и получена величина граничного внутреннего давления комбинированных газовых баллонов высокого давления. Исследовано напряженно-деформированное состояние стеклопластиковых труб в зоне фланцевых соединений в зависимости от жесткости фланцев.The thesis presents number of important scientific and technical problems, which include study models and methods of calculating the stress-strain and the thermoelastic state multilayer shells with interlayer structural defects. The algorithms, programs, research methodology, theoretical and experimental results showed the presence of new features deformed state considered structures. We construct a closed system of differential equations and appropriate boundary conditions unrelated stationary problem thermostatic deformation of the multilayer composite shell that allow for deformations of transverse shear and transversal compression, ensure conditions of mechanical and thermal connection layers and thermomechanical loading conditions on the front surface of this shell. Based on the classical theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body developed numerical-analytical approach solving of thermoelastic unrelated boundary problems for thick-walled cylindrical shells provided ideal and non-ideal contact of adjacent layers on surfaces mated. The influence of temperature loads on the stress-strain state seal rotor made from composite materials was found

    Disease control across urban–rural gradients

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    Controlling the regional re-emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after its initial spread in ever-changing personal contact networks and disease landscapes is a challenging task. In a landscape context, contact opportunities within and between populations are changing rapidly as lockdown measures are relaxed and a number of social activities re-activated. Using an individual-based metapopulation model, we explored the efficacy of different control strategies across an urban–rural gradient in Wales, UK. Our model shows that isolation of symptomatic cases or regional lockdowns in response to local outbreaks have limited efficacy unless the overall transmission rate is kept persistently low. Additional isolation of non-symptomatic infected individuals, who may be detected by effective test-and-trace strategies, is pivotal to reducing the overall epidemic size over a wider range of transmission scenarios. We define an ‘urban–rural gradient in epidemic size' as a correlation between regional epidemic size and connectivity within the region, with more highly connected urban populations experiencing relatively larger outbreaks. For interventions focused on regional lockdowns, the strength of such gradients in epidemic size increased with higher travel frequencies, indicating a reduced efficacy of the control measure in the urban regions under these conditions. When both non-symptomatic and symptomatic individuals are isolated or regional lockdown strategies are enforced, we further found the strongest urban–rural epidemic gradients at high transmission rates. This effect was reversed for strategies targeted at symptomatic individuals only. Our results emphasize the importance of test-and-trace strategies and maintaining low transmission rates for efficiently controlling SARS-CoV-2 spread, both at landscape scale and in urban areas
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