Los hongos liquenizados del género Glyphis en Veracruz, México

Background and Aims: The Graphidaceae family is considered one of the most representative of lichenized fungi, both in Mexico and in the world. Approximately 175 of its species have been recorded in Mexico. The objective of this study is to carry out a taxonomic review of Glyphis in Veracruz, through the analysis of literature and material collections from the tropical zone of the elevation gradient on the "Cofre de Perote", Veracruz, Mexico. Methods: Microlichens were collected from localities in tropical ecosystems of the altitudinal gradient of the "Cofre de Perote", Veracruz, Mexico, in cloud forest and tropical dry forest. The material was processed and deposited in the XALU herbarium and analyzed using conventional lichenology techniques for morphology and macrochemistry. Databases and previous works were consulted to know the distribution of Glyphis species in Mexico and the world; moreover, we provide a taxonomic key of the species discussed here. Key results: Glyphis scyphulifera and G. atrofusca are reported for the first time in the state of Veracruz and G. substriatula is cited for the first time in Mexico. A key is included to determine the known Glyphis species for Mexico. Conclusions: According to the collections carried out in the tropical zone of the altitudinal gradient of the "Cofre de Perote", Veracruz, Mexico, it was found that four of the five species of Glyphis accepted in the world inhabit this place, being Glyphis cicatricosa and G. scyphulifera throughout the sampled part of the gradient, while G. atrofusca and G. substriatula are restricted to low elevations.Antecedentes y Objetivos: La familia Graphidaceae es considerada como una de las de mayor representatividad de hongos liquenizados, tanto en México como en el mundo. Aproximadamente 175 de sus especies se han registrado en México. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión taxonómica de Glyphis en Veracruz, mediante el análisis de literatura y colectas de material proveniente de la zona tropical del gradiente altitudinal de “Cofre de Perote”, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Se colectaron microlíquenes de localidades ubicadas en ecosistemas tropicales del gradiente altitudinal de “Cofre de Perote”, Veracruz, México, en bosque mesófilo de montaña y selva baja caducifolia. El material se procesó y depositó en el herbario XALU, y se analizó utilizando técnicas convencionales de liquenología respecto a morfología y macroquímica. Se consultaron bases de datos y trabajos previos para conocer la distribución de las especies de Glyphis en México y el mundo; además, se construyó una clave taxonómica de las especies aquí abordadas. Resultados clave: Glyphis scyphulifera y G. atrofusca se reportan por primera vez en el estado de Veracruz y Glyphis substriatula se cita por primera vez en México. Se incluye una clave para la determinación de las especies de Glyphis conocidas para México. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con las colectas realizadas en la zona tropical del gradiente altitudinal de “Cofre de Perote”, Veracruz, México, se encontró que cuatro de las cinco especies de Glyphis aceptadas en el mundo habitan en este lugar, estando Glyphis cicatricosa y G. scyphulifera en toda la parte muestreada del gradiente, mientras que G. atrofusca y G. substriatula están restringidas a elevaciones bajas

Componentes nutrimentales y nutraceúticos de cuatro especies de Cantharellus (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales) de La Región de Las Montañas, Veracruz, México

Background and Aims: Cantharellus species are traded in agricultural markets of the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico, as an appreciated mushroom. The objective of this study was to analyze nutrients and nutraceutical properties in four Cantharellus species from Veracruz: antioxidant activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and β-carotene; as well as the nutritional properties: dry matter, total ashes, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, moisture, carbohydrates and energy value of four wild edible mushrooms (Cantharellus violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis, C. roseocanus and Cantharellus sp.). Methods: Basidiomas of Cantharellus spp. were collected in the Mountain Region, Veracruz, Mexico. The ITS and tef-1α regions were amplified and sequenced. Species were identified molecularly based on the BLAST results. Samples were lyophilized and stored at 4 °C in vacuum bags for the preservation of nutraceutical and nutritional compounds. A methanol-water mixture (80:20 v/v) was used to extract the nutraceutical compounds and to analyze them by spectrophotometric techniques. Key results: In general, outstanding values ​​were found in C. violaceovinosus both in crude protein content (8.04 g/100 g-1) and in antioxidant capacity 2.28 mg TE/g extract. For flavonoids, C. roseocanus showed 2.98 mg QE/g extract and 6.23±0.68 mg/g of carotene. In addition, a high energy value was found in C. violaceovinosus (266.53 Kcal/100g) and C. roseocanus (222.73±15.43 Kcal/100 g). The nutritional and nutraceutical content of C. violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis and C. roseocanus is presented for the first time. Conclusions: The results show these species from nutritional and nutraceutical perspectives. Cantharellus violaceovinosus showed the highest values of the parameters evaluated. The consumption of these species constitutes an alternative source of protein and nutraceutical components that contribute to food security.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las especies de Cantharellus se comercializan en los mercados agrícolas de la Región de Las Montañas, Veracruz, México, como un hongo apreciado. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los nutrientes y propiedades nutracéuticas en cuatro especies de Cantharellus de Veracruz: capacidad antioxidante, fenoles totales, flavonoides, ácido ascórbico, licopeno y caroteno; así como las propiedades nutricionales: materia seca, cenizas totales, proteína bruta, grasa, fibra bruta, humedad, carbohidratos y valor energético de cuatro hongos silvestres comestibles (Cantharellus violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis, C. roseocanus y Cantharellus sp.).Métodos: Se colectaron basidiomas de Cantharellus spp. en la Región de la Montaña, Veracruz, México. Se amplificaron las regiones ITS y tef-1α y secuenciaron. Las especies se identificaron molecularmente en base en los resultados de BLAST. Las muestras fueron liofilizadas y almacenadas a 4°C en bolsas al vacío para la conservación de compuestos nutracéuticos y nutricionales. Se utilizó una mezcla metanol-agua (80:20 v/v) para extraer los compuestos nutracéuticos y analizarlos por técnicas espectrofotométricas.Resultados clave: En general, se encontraron valores sobresalientes en C. violaceovinosus, tanto en contenido de proteína cruda (8.04 g/100 g-1) como en capacidad antioxidante (2.28 mg TE/g extracto). Para los flavonoides, C. roseocanus mostró 2.98 mg QE/g de extracto y 6.23±0.68 mg de caroteno/g de extracto. Además, se encontró un alto valor energético en C. violaceovinosus (266.53 Kcal/100g) y C. roseocanus (222.73±15.43 Kcal/100g) (266.53±14.64 Kcal/100g). Se presenta por primera vez el contenido nutricional y nutracéutico de C. violaceovinosus, C. veraecrucis y C. roseocanus.Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran estas especies desde las perspectivas nutricional y nutracéutica. Cantharellus violaceovinosus mostró los valores más altos de los parámetros evaluados. El consumo de estas especies constituye una alternativa como fuentes de proteínas y componentes nutracéuticos que contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria

Competitive Edible Mushroom Production from Nonconventional Waste Biomass

Worldwide, there is an increase in acreage dedicated to the competitive production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and palms crops as productive diversification for food, feed, fiber, and fuels. However, in developing countries, there is malnutrition by an inadequate diet caused by deficiency in quality or quantity of food. Therefore, options are needed for the production of foods, mainly of high protein content such as edible mushroom from by‐products. In Veracruz, Mexico, there is a large megadiversity of wastes derived from endemic plants, fruits, legumes, pods, leaves, straws, and flowers that are generated in a large amount and are disposed off through open‐field burning without a specific use. The objective was to evaluate the potential of 30 nonconventional by‐products and wastes for the production of low‐cost oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Biological efficiency (BE) varied from 17.65 to 180% and at least the 60% of the evaluated substrates (BE greater than 50%) are viable for the production of mushroom Pleurotus especially in view of its low contamination in trials and abundance and availability and diversity throughout the agricultural year as wastes. Besides, the spent substrates were converted into organic manure compost, vermicompost and bocashi to close the cycle for new food production

Uso de extracto chayote (Sechium edule Jacq. Sw.) o harina de frijol de soya (Glycine max L.) como medios de cultivo para Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel

México hace una década ocupaba el décimo octavo lugar en la producción de hongos comestibles a nivel mundial. En nuestro país se cultivan principalmente las especies de P. pulmonarius y P. ostreatus, a partir de cepas comerciales introducidas. Su cultivo representa una importancia socioeconómica que favorece a muchas familias, se considera un alimento de alto valor nutricional. Su producción natural es fácil y económico ya que se desarrollan en una gran variedad de sustratos lignocelulósicos. De forma artificial su producción es sencillas de cultivar, ya que mediante un sustrato formulado se reemplaza el sustrato natural donde la especie crece. Sin embargo los costos de los medios de cultivo para la producción de micelio son relativamente altos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en evaluar la eficiencia de dos medios de cultivo hechos a base de los vegetales (Sechium edule y Glycine max) utilizados como medios alternativos para la obtención de micelio de Pleurotus pulmonarius. Como resultado se obtuvo que el medio de chayote, cumple con los requerimientos nutricionales de Pleurotus, por lo que este alcanzó un desarrollo óptimo, en contraste con el testigo

New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review

The study of chitin and chitosan has stood out for many years due to their potential application in various areas such as the food industry, where they are either used as additives, prebiotics, or bio-conservatives; as to biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, where they function to treat diseases. Besides, in the agriculture field, it is known that they can cause a positive effect on the development of plants and optimize nitrogen fixation. In recent years, attention has been paid to their derivatives, chito-oligosaccharides which, unlike chitin and chitosan, they have different chemical characteristics, like their solubility, a characteristic that facilitates their use, contrary to chitin and chitosan. Moreover, the small size of chito-oligosaccharides can facilitate their entry into the cell. This review covers recent studies on the biological functions of chito-oligosaccharides and their impact on a priority area such as agriculture, where these compounds could be used to substitute the demand for chemical compounds that, until now, have generated serious health issues as well as environmental pollution

Aerobic fermentation prior to pasteurization produces a selective substrate for cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius

Description of the subject. Pleurotus species are cultivated on lignocellulosic substrates, in which contaminant fungi such as Trichoderma spp. are common. A selective substrate for Pleurotus provides the necessary conditions for protection against contaminants. Studies show that Paenibacillus polymyxa and other thermophilic bacteria benefit from the selectivity of Pleurotus cultivation substrate, however, little is known regarding these bacterial communities.[br/] Objectives. To evaluate the effect of substrate inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa on the productivity of Pleurotus pulmonarius and its protection against Trichoderma.[br/] Method. Barley straw inoculated with P. polymyxa and non-inoculated straw (control) was used following 0, 3 or 5 days of fermentation prior to heat treatment in order to produce the cultivation substrate. The microbiological content before and after the heat treatment, the mycelial colonization by P. pulmonarius and Trichoderma viride in competition and the yield of P. pulmonarius were all evaluated.[br/] Results. We observed that inoculation with P. polymyxa increased the number of cultivable bacteria and changed the composition of the community. The inoculation decreased the colonization ability of T. viride and favored the mycelial growth, although the yield of mushrooms was affected. Higher yields of P. pulmomarius were obtained in the control substrate where no contamination of Trichoderma spp. was observed.[br/] Conclusions. Addition of P. polymyxa modified the natural microbiological succession in a fermentation of barley straw for 5 days, favoring the competitiveness of P. pulmonarius against T. viride. Fermentation of barley straw for 3 days, followed by heat treatment, benefits the yield and protection of P. pulmonarius against Trichoderma viride.Description du sujet. Les espèces de Pleurotus sont cultivées sur des substrats lignocellulosiques, où des champignons contaminants tels que Trichoderma spp. sont communs. Un substrat sélectif pour Pleurotus doit fournir les conditions nécessaires à la protection contre les contaminants. Des études ont montré que Paenobacillus polymyxa et d'autres bactéries thermophiles peuvent participer à la sélectivité du substrat de culture pour Pleurotus, mais on sait peu de choses sur les communautés bactériennes impliquées dans ces différents substrats.[br/] Objectifs. Évaluer l'effet de l'inoculation de P. polymyxa dans un substrat de culture sur la productivité de P. pulmonarius et sur la protection contre Trichoderma.[br/] Méthode. De la paille d'orge inoculée avec P. polymyxa et de la paille non inoculée (témoin) ont été utilisées après 0, 3 ou 5 jours de fermentation avant un traitement thermique pour produire le substrat de culture. Le contenu microbiologique avant et après traitement thermique, la colonisation mycélienne par P. pulmonarius et Trichoderma viride en compétition et le rendement de P. pulmonarius ont été évalués.[br/] Résultats. Nous avons observé que l'inoculation avec P. polymyxa augmentait le nombre de bactéries cultivables et modifiait la composition de la communauté microbienne. Elle diminue la capacité de colonisation de T. viride et favorise la croissance mycélienne. Cependant, le rendement en champignons a été affecté. Les rendements plus élevés de P. pulmonarius ont été obtenus dans le substrat témoin où aucune contamination de Trichoderma spp. n’a été observée.[br/] Conclusions. L'ajout de P. polymyxa a modifié la succession microbiologique naturelle lors d’une fermentation de paille d'orge pendant 5 jours, favorisant la compétitivité de P. pulmonarius par rapport à T. viride. La fermentation de la paille d'orge pendant les 3 jours qui suivent un traitement thermique est bénéfique pour le rendement et la protection de P. pulmonarius contre T. viride

Riqueza y abundancia de mamíferos en un ambiente antropizado en Zongolica, Veracruz

ABSTRACT Mammal diversity patterns are often affected by habitat loss and human presence. Veracruz has an inven- tory of 195 mammals, but in isolated geographic areas such as the Altas Montañas (High Mountains) region the dynamics of mammal diversity are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the richness and abundance of mammals on two slopes of Cerro Acontecatl (Acontecatl Hill), Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico. Camera trapping was used and transects were established to identify traces of mammal species from 12 samplings during May to September 2014. With a total of 7704 h trap−1 and 144 000 m2 sampled, 11 mammals belonging to seven families were recorded: Didelphidae, Sciuridae, Cuniculidae, Mephitidae, Procyonidae, Cervidae and Felidae. Leopardus wiedii and L. pardalis; two felines recorded in this study are in danger of extinction. The Shannon index showed similarity between the two Acontecatl slopes, while the Margalef index indicates a moderately diverse ecosystem in terms of mammal richness and abundance. The species accumulation curve indicated that 12 species should have been recorded with 91% sampling coverage. Hunting activities were detected in the study area, which is why Acontecatl should be declared a Priority Conservation Area, where environmental education is promoted in the city of Zongolica to raise awareness about the ecological importance of the mammals that inhabit the municipal seat’s periurban area.RESUMEN Los patrones de diversidad de mamíferos suelen ser afectados por pérdida del hábitat y presencia humana. En Veracruz se tiene un inventario de 195 mamíferos, pero en áreas geográficas aisladas como la región Altas Montañas, se desconoce la dinámica de la diversidad de mamíferos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la riqueza y abundancia de mamíferos en dos vertientes del Cerro Acontecatl, Zongolica, Veracruz, México. Se utilizó la técnica de fototrampeo y se establecieron transectos para identificar rastros de las especies de mamíferos a partir de 12 muestreos durante mayo a septiembre de 2014. Con un total de 7704 h trampa−1 y 144 000 m2 muestreados, se registraron 11 mamíferos pertenecientes a siete familias: Didelphidae, Sciuridae, Cuniculidae, Mephitidae, Procyonidae, Cervidae y Felidae. Leopardus wiedii y L. pardalis, dos felinos registrados en este estudio se encuentran en peligro de extinción. El índice de Shannon mostró similitud en las dos vertientes del Cerro Acontecatl, mientras que el índice de Margalef indica un ecosistema medianamente diverso en cuando a riqueza y abundancia de mamíferos. La curva de acumulación de especies indicó que se debieron registrar 12 especies con una cobertura de muestreo del 91%. En el área de estudio se detectaron actividades de caza, por este motivo el Cerro Acontecatl debe declararse como un Área Prioritaria para la Conservación, donde se fomente la educación ambiental en la ciudad de Zongolica para concientizar sobre la importancia ecológica de los mamíferos que habitan la zona periurbana de la cabera municipal

Potential of European wild strains of Agaricus subrufescens for productivity and quality on wheat straw based compost

International audienceThe Brazilian almond mushroom is currently cultivated for its medicinal properties but cultivars are suspected all to have a common origin. The objective of this work was to assess the potential of wild isolates of Agaricus subrufescens Peck (Agaricus blazei, Agaricus brasiliensis) as a source of new traits to improve the mushroom yield and quality for developing new cultures under European growing conditions. The wild European strains analysed showed a good ability to be commercially cultivated on wheat straw and horse manure based compost: shorter time to fruiting, higher yield, similar antioxidant activities when compared to cultivars. They have a valuable potential of genetic and phenotypic diversity and proved to be interfertile with the original culture of the Brazilian almond mushroom. Intercontinental hybrids could be obtained and combine properties from both Brazilian and European germplasm for increasing the choice of strains cultivated by the mushroom growers

Characterization of the genetic diversity of a population of Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis in captivity using microsatellite markers

The genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne) of a population of Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis in captivity were characterized in the Wildlife Management Unit “El Pochote”, located in Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Blood tissue was collected from 20 individuals of the reproductive nucleus, its genomic DNA was extracted, and genetic diversity was characterized by six microsatellites amplified by PCR and visualized in polyacrylamide gels. With four polymorphic microsatellites, 66.7% of the population’s genetic variation was explained, which was characterized by an allelic diversity that fluctuated between 9 and 28 alleles (18 average alleles), suggesting a mean allelic diversity (Shannon index = 2.6 ± 0.25), but only 12 ± 2.9 effective alleles would be fixed in the next generation. The heterozygosity observed (Ho= 0.81) exceeded that expected (He= 0.79) and these were significantly different (P> 0.05), as a result of a low genetic structure in the population (fixation index F = -0.112 ± 0.03), due to the genetic heterogeneity that each sample contributed, since the specimens came from different geographical regions. The Ne was 625 individuals and a 1:25 male:female ratio, with which 100% of the genetic diversity observed can be maintained for 100 years. The information obtained in the study can help in the design of a reproductive management program to maintain the present genetic diversity, without risk of losses due to genetic drift and inbreeding.To the project “Caracterización de recursos zoogenéticos de las Altas Montañas, Veracruz: implicaciones de la filogeografía y modelación ecológica (PRODEP: 511-6/18-9245/PTC-896) for the financial and technical support of the study. To the Unidad de Manejo y Conservación de Recursos Genéticos y al Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa of the Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, for the materials provided; and to the Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Spain, for the team and training to the first author.Peer reviewe

Characterization of the genetic diversity of a population of Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis in captivity using microsatellite markers

The genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne) of a population of Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis in captivity were characterized in the Wildlife Management Unit “El Pochote”, located in Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Blood tissue was collected from 20 individuals of the reproductive nucleus, its genomic DNA was extracted, and genetic diversity was characterized by six microsatellites amplified by PCR and visualized in polyacrylamide gels. With four polymorphic microsatellites, 66.7% of the population’s genetic variation was explained, which was characterized by an allelic diversity that fluctuated between 9 and 28 alleles (18 average alleles), suggesting a mean allelic diversity (Shannon index = 2.6 ± 0.25), but only 12 ± 2.9 effective alleles would be fixed in the next generation. The heterozygosity observed (Ho= 0.81) exceeded that expected (He= 0.79) and these were significantly different (P> 0.05), as a result of a low genetic structure in the population (fixation index F = -0.112 ± 0.03), due to the genetic heterogeneity that each sample contributed, since the specimens came from different geographical regions. The Ne was 625 individuals and a 1:25 male:female ratio, with which 100% of the genetic diversity observed can be maintained for 100 years. The information obtained in the study can help in the design of a reproductive management program to maintain the present genetic diversity, without risk of losses due to genetic drift and inbreeding