FGF21 ameliorates the neurocontrol of blood pressure in the high fructose-drinking rats

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is closely related to various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. However, the direct targets and mechanisms linking FGF21 to blood pressure control and hypertension are still elusive. Here we demonstrated a novel regulatory function of FGF21 in the baroreflex afferent pathway (the nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS; nodose ganglion, NG). As the critical co-receptor of FGF21, β-klotho (klb) significantly expressed on the NTS and NG. Furthermore, we evaluated the beneficial effects of chronic intraperitoneal infusion of recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) on the dysregulated systolic blood pressure, cardiac parameters, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and hyperinsulinemia in the high fructose-drinking (HFD) rats. The BRS up-regulation is associated with Akt-eNOS-NO signaling activation in the NTS and NG induced by acute intravenous rhFGF21 administration in HFD and control rats. Moreover, the expressions of FGF21 receptors were aberrantly down-regulated in HFD rats. In addition, the up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and -α (PPAR-γ/-α) in the NTS and NG in HFD rats were markedly reversed by chronic rhFGF21 infusion. Our study extends the work of the FGF21 actions on the neurocontrol of blood pressure regulations through baroreflex afferent pathway in HFD rats

detection and extraction method for plaintext sequential lsb steganography

By using the statistical properties of the top bits of plaintext, a detection and extraction method for the plaintext sequential least significant bit(LSB) steganography is proposed. The LSBs of the image is obtained by sequentially scanning, and 8 sequences are gained with every bit of the first byte as the beginning and 7 sampling interval. The appropriate window length and the threshold R are chosen, the 8 sequences with the window are sectioned and advantage values of the window are calculated. If one of advantage values is greater than R, the image is judged to be a stego image. After the biggest advantage sequence is found out from 8 sequences, the beginning and the end of the secret message are estimated and the plaintext is recovered. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective. When only 200 bytes English plaintext is embedded in an image, the proposed method can detect and extract the plaintext successfully.By using the statistical properties of the top bits of plaintext, a detection and extraction method for the plaintext sequential least significant bit(LSB) steganography is proposed. The LSBs of the image is obtained by sequentially scanning, and 8 sequences are gained with every bit of the first byte as the beginning and 7 sampling interval. The appropriate window length and the threshold R are chosen, the 8 sequences with the window are sectioned and advantage values of the window are calculated. If one of advantage values is greater than R, the image is judged to be a stego image. After the biggest advantage sequence is found out from 8 sequences, the beginning and the end of the secret message are estimated and the plaintext is recovered. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective. When only 200 bytes English plaintext is embedded in an image, the proposed method can detect and extract the plaintext successfully