The Case for Prioritism: Part 1

The global evangelical missions movement has embraced holism or integral mission as a framework for engaging the nations. Many astute observers maintain that this development indicates that present-day evangelicals are following in the footsteps of ecumenicals and repeating the mistakes of the past. The matter of the relationship between proclamation and social action in the mission of the church must therefore be revisited for the sake of the world. The first installment of this article seeks to highlight why the debate is still necessary, clarify the fundamental differences between prioritism and holism, recount the road to evangelical holism, and address the ways in which holism has reconfigured such concepts as gospel, kingdom, and mission

Saving the Church from the Sinner’s Prayer

The Sinner’s Prayer has become part and parcel of Western evangelistic methodology. Its historical derivation can be traced to American revivalist techniques. The prayer’s application in twenty-first century popular culture has added further obstacles to the process of making genuine disciples as Jesus is presented as a commodity to be consumed in order to achieve self-actualization. In this setting, the calls to count the cost of discipleship have been neglected, which has adversely affected the church. To reverse course, baptism should replace the prayer’s usage as an indication of one’s commitment to Christ, and disciple formation should incorporate the biblical concept of an obedient faith

Saving the Church from the Sinner’s Prayer

The Sinner’s Prayer has become part and parcel of Western evangelistic methodology. Its historical derivation can be traced to American revivalist techniques. The prayer’s application in twenty-first century popular culture has added further obstacles to the process of making genuine disciples as Jesus is presented as a commodity to be consumed in order to achieve self-actualization. In this setting, the calls to count the cost of discipleship have been neglected, which has adversely affected the church. To reverse course, baptism should replace the prayer’s usage as an indication of one’s commitment to Christ, and disciple formation should incorporate the biblical concept of an obedient faith

The Case for Prioritism: Part 2

Debate is no stranger to evangelicalism. Rigorous dialogue among evangelicals ought to be welcomed as it clarifies issues, forms convictions, and sets agendas. The missiological disagreement between prioritists and holists is a case in point. Prioritists feel constrained to redress holistic reconfigurations of such fundamental concepts as gospel, kingdom, and mission. For the sake of the nations, this article seeks to compare and contrast prioritism with holism, trace the historical emergence of evangelical holism, offer reasons why prioritism more accurately represents a biblically informed approach to mission, and concludes with means by which readers can determine which viewpoint to affirm and promote

The Case for Prioritism: Part 1

The global evangelical missions movement has embraced holism or integral mission as a framework for engaging the nations. Many astute observers maintain that this development indicates that present-day evangelicals are following in the footsteps of ecumenicals and repeating the mistakes of the past. The matter of the relationship between proclamation and social action in the mission of the church must therefore be revisited for the sake of the world. The first installment of this article seeks to highlight why the debate is still necessary, clarify the fundamental differences between prioritism and holism, recount the road to evangelical holism, and address the ways in which holism has reconfigured such concepts as gospel, kingdom, and mission

Using Color Infrared Imagery to Detect Sooty Mold and Fungal Pathogens of Glasshouse-propagated Plants

Fungi are major biotic constraints for optimum production and quality of glasshouse plants. When plants are infested with sooty mold (Capnodium spp.) or infected with pathogens, the reflected wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum are altered. Spectroradiometric measurements and color infrared (CIR) images of control, honeydew- coated, and sooty mold-infested saplings and individual leaves from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sour orange (Citrus aurantium), ‘Valencia’ orange (C. sinensis), and ‘Bo’ tree (Ficus religiosa) were obtained. Grapefruit saplings and individual leaves infected with Mycosphaerella citri (greasy spot) were imaged under glasshouse conditions. Similarly, muskmelon foliage showing low and high levels of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) disease severity were analyzed. When examining individual leaves, all fungal biotic stressors generally resulted in variable spectral reflectance data, especially in the blue (450 nm) and green (550 nm) wavelengths; however, values in the red (650 nm) tended to increase and values in the near-IR (850 nm) tended to decrease with stress. Near-IR/red image ratios were significantly reduced (P \u3c 0.05) in stressed whole plant foliage and individual leaves relative to healthy controls. The accumulation of insect honeydew (which occurs before sooty mold infestation) significantly increased (P \u3c 0.05) near-IR reflectance values and near-IR/red ratios in ‘Valencia’ orange and near-IR/ratios in ‘Bo’ tree foliage and individual leaves. Image acquisition and enhancement techniques may prove useful in large-scale production greenhouses where existing infrastructure and high plant populations require high throughput data analysis and identification of biotic stressors

Variability of protease activity and growth rate in isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina from various hosts

Macrophomina phaseolina is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes charcoal rot, among other diseases, on over 500 plant hosts and economically important crops in Kansas such as soybean and sorghum. Because it thrives in hot, dry environments, global climate change threatens to make this pathogen increasingly difficult to manage. M. phaseolina has a relatively low number of genes encoding proteases, protein-lysing enzymes commonly employed by plant pathogens. Further, their effect on virulence has been understudied. Three-hundred thirteen isolates of M. phaseolina from a variety of hosts were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates to measure growth rate over one week, then were cultured on casein agar (CNA) to assess proteolytic activity over one week. Clearing zones that formed around the colonies on CNA represent areas where protein had been lysed, thus distinguishing isolates by their proteolytic activity. We hypothesize that different isolates will demonstrate varying levels of protease activity. This would shed light on the role that proteases play as a virulence factor for M. phaseolina and how this role may shift depending on the host and genetic identity of the isolate. Better understanding of M. phaseolina virulence mechanisms is vital to manage this pathogen, especially as climate change exacerbates the environmental conditions that promote charcoal rot

It’s the way he tells them (and who is listening):men’s dominance is positively correlated with their preference for jokes told by dominant-sounding men

While much research has explored humorous exchange in relation to mate choice, recent perspectives have emphasized the importance of humor for monitoring interest within social partnerships more generally. Indeed, given that similarity is thought to be important in the maintenance of social partnerships, we may expect humor appreciation to vary according to the degree of similarity between humor producers and recipients. In the current study we report evidence for such variation that is specific to men’s judgments of other men’s humor. Here we manipulated voice pitch in a set of ‘one-liner’ jokes to create low-pitched and high-pitched versions of men and women telling jokes. A composite measure of men’s own dominance was positively correlated with their preference for jokes told by other men with lowered voice pitch (a vocal cue to dominance). A follow-up study demonstrated that self-reported dominance was positively related to men’s choice of low-pitch men as friends when judging humorous audio clips but not when judging neutral control audio clips, suggesting that humor may be important in mediating the effect of dominance on friendship choice. These studies indicate systematic variation in humor appreciation related to friendship choices which may function to promote cohesion within male partnerships based on status