Non-standard errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Photocatalytic NOx abatement:mathematical modeling, CFD validation and reactor analysis

\u3cp\u3eA 2D CFD model was implemented for the numerical simulation of NO \u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3e abatement in a photocatalytic reactor, considering the effect of relative humidity (10–60%), light intensity (0.3–13 W⋅m \u3csup\u3e−2\u3c/sup\u3e) and inlet NO concentration (0.1–1.0 ppm). Significant differences of NO \u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3e concentration at the catalytic surface and bulk gas were found (Δ \u3csub\u3emax\u3c/sub\u3e of ∼12% and ∼16% for NO and NO \u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, respectively) and corrections were proposed to achieve intrinsic rate laws from a model available in the literature. An analysis of the reactor performance was conducted and a nonlinear behavior was observed when the channel height (H) was varied. A point of maximum for the integral rate of NO and NO \u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e consumption as a function of H was found (Δ \u3csub\u3eNO\u3c/sub\u3e of ∼2% and ∼-1% for H→2H→4H; Δ \u3csub\u3eNO \u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e \u3c/sub\u3e of ∼46% and -8.5% for H→2H→4H). Additionally, the NO conversion decreased from ∼29% to ∼7% and the selectivity decreased from ∼85% to ∼80% (passing through a point of minimum at 2H) when the height was varied in the range H-4H. When comparing the results from the CFD simulations and the predictions of a plug flow model, deviations for NO conversion and selectivity increased with H (Δ \u3csub\u3emax\u3c/sub\u3e of ∼2% and ∼45%, respectively). \u3c/p\u3

CFD analysis of a luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) with feedforward control applied to the synthesis of chemicals under fluctuating light intensity

\u3cp\u3eThe luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) is a novel technology applied to the synthesis of chemicals coupling the advantages of sunlight modulation/concentration and microflow chemistry. In this work, a virtual model of this device, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), was implemented. The CFD model was developed considering a kinetic law that takes into account the effect of light intensity on the reaction performance for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 9,10-diphenylanthracene, used as benchmark. Then, a feedforward control algorithm was implemented and the system's performance under different functional dependences of light intensity through time was investigated, being able to maintain the conversion at the desired level despite the power fluctuations. Thus, the CFD model was independently validated considering the control framework associated to the experimental data. Finally, the effect of varying some geometrical features of the photomicroreactor was investigated, highlighting the capability of using a computational model for engineering purposes (design and optimization). Therefore, this work represents a contribution toward a fully predictable model for the investigation of the performance and for the design and optimization of LSC-PMs in a variety of chemical processes.\u3c/p\u3

O ensino da cirurgia: a necessidade de uma visão humanística

A fragmentação e "compartimentalização" do conhecimento médico não são as únicas causas das dificuldades encontradas na formação de cirurgiões. O abandono do ensino médico vinculado às ciências humanas (sociais) tem levado a formação de profissionais que entendem as ciências biológicas sem entender as ciências da vida. O afastamento da realidade cotidiana, cultural e individual cria condições para o não entendimento da singularidade e subjetividade de cada ser humano. O cirurgião tem, frequentemente, sido erroneamente descrito como portador de qualidades negativas, mas que na verdade remetem a um caráter mais firme e resoluto. De outra forma não é preciso dom para operar, mas empenho, esforço e determinação. O ensino problematizador possibilita a construção de um conhecimento crítico que leva o indivíduo a intervir na realidade que vivencia, de forma transformadora, objetiva e consciente. Esta construção crítica e humanística do conhecimento só poderá se instituir por intermédio de um ensino contextualizado sociocultural e historicamente, não apenas técnico, biocêntrico e hospitalocêntrico