HIV/AIDS Care, Coping Strategies and Work Environmental Stress Among Nurses in Botswana

Since 2006 there has been universal acceptance in both developing and industrialized societies that HIV treatment and related services, including more effective programs, be available to all citizens. However, as a result of the worldwide recession and shifting health priorities, progress toward these goals has stalled. While the epidemic continues to grow (approximately 34 million globally, with 2.7 million new cases in 2010), fewer resources are dedicated to treatment and prevention than previously, and clinical staffs, especially nurses are challenged by more patient care responsibilities. This paper focuses on the relationships of HIV/AIDS care, coping strategies and work environmental stress for nurses working in an African country (Botswana) with a significant epidemic. Data for this study was obtained through questionnaires completed by a sample of 201 nurses working in different types of health facilities in rural and urban areas of Botswana. Results show that 65% of the nurses frequently provided care to clients with HIV/AIDS. Only 35% of the nurses provided care to clients with HIV/AIDS infrequently. Those caregivers who often worked with patients infected with HIV reported significantly (p\u3c.05) more role demand , job control and shift work stress and said that their coping strategies were more likely to include taking food supplements. Implications for professional burn out among HIV/AIDS caregivers in developing societies are discussed together with strategies for more effective allocations of health care personnel

HIV/AIDS Care, Coping Strategies and Work Environmental Stress Among Nurses in Botswana

Since 2006 there has been universal acceptance in both developing and industrialized societies that HIV treatment and related services, including more effective programs, be available to all citizens. However, as a result of the worldwide recession and shifting health priorities, progress toward these goals has stalled. While the epidemic continues to grow (approximately 34 million globally, with 2.7 million new cases in 2010), fewer resources are dedicated to treatment and prevention than previously, and clinical staffs, especially nurses are challenged by more patient care responsibilities. This paper focuses on the relationships of HIV/AIDS care, coping strategies and work environmental stress for nurses working in an African country (Botswana) with a significant epidemic. Data for this study was obtained through questionnaires completed by a sample of 201 nurses working in different types of health facilities in rural and urban areas of Botswana. Results show that 65% of the nurses frequently provided care to clients with HIV/AIDS. Only 35% of the nurses provided care to clients with HIV/AIDS infrequently. Those caregivers who often worked with patients infected with HIV reported significantly (

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Oriental Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a Golf Course Environment

The mating season of the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), in 1994 and 1995 at Bethpage State Park, Farmingdale, NY (40° 45′ N, 73° 28′ W) began in the middle of June, peaked in the 1st wk of July, and ended in the middle of August. There were differences in the emergence schedule among fairways as well as local differences between roughs and fairway. Both sexes were most active around sunset on shorter-cut turf (i.e., fairways, greens, and tees, versus roughs), and the few individuals seen during the daylight hours were mostly males. These males were generally found perched on vegetation at the border of the fairway. Feeding was not observed, except on flowers by females devoid of mature eggs. This study confirms our observations on the pattern of activity in an earlier study conducted with the use of synthetic pheromone traps. It also explains the difficulty encountered by earlier workers in finding adults of this insect in the field. Implications of the above findings on the management of the oriental beetle are discusse

Low-lying excitations of a trapped rotating Bose-Einstein condensate

We investigate the low-lying excitations of a weakly-interacting, harmonically-trapped Bose-Einstein condensed gas under rotation, in the limit where the angular mometum $L$ of the system is much less than the number of the atoms $N$ in the trap. We show that in the asymptotic limit $N \to \infty$ the excitation energy, measured from the energy of the lowest state, is given by $27 N_{3}(N_{3}-1) v_0 /68$, where $N_{3}$ is the number of octupole excitations and $v_{0}$ is the unit of the interaction energy.Comment: 3 pages, RevTex, 2 ps figures, submitted to PR

Exact solutions for interacting boson systems under rotation

We study a class of interacting, harmonically trapped boson systems at angular momentum L. The Hamiltonian leaves a L-dimensional subspace invariant, and this permits an explicit solution of several eigenstates and energies for a wide class of two-body interactionsComment: 8 pages, error corrected (concerns generalization of subspace structure

Sex Pheromone Responses of the Oriental Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The synthetic female sex pheromone of the oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, was evaluated in the field and in a sustained-flight tunnel. In a 2-wk period, > 150,000 beetles were captured on three golf course fairways in Connecticut. Contrary to earlier reports that these beetles are most active during the warm, sunny portions of the day, we observed that peak activity occurs around sunset. Ten micrograms of either (Z)-7-tetradecen-2-one or an 89/11 (Z/E) blend on a rubber septum was found to be the minimum concentration with which no significant decrease in catch was observed in the field. There was no discrimination between Z and the blend at 1 μg and higher concentrations, but the E-isomer alone trapped significantly fewer beetles than either Z alone or the blend. These results are consistent with the flight tunnel data. The effects of temperature and light intensity on the mating behavior of A. orientalis also are discusse

Vortex lattice of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a rotating anisotropic trap

We study the vortex lattices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a rotating anisotropic harmonic trap. We first investigate the single particle wavefunctions obtained by the exact solution of the problem and give simple expressions for these wavefunctions in the small anisotropy limit. Depending on the strength of the interactions, a few or a large number of vortices can be formed. In the limit of many vortices, we calculate the density profile of the cloud and show that the vortex lattice stays triangular. We also find that the vortex lattice planes align themselves with the weak axis of the external potential. For a small number of vortices, we numerically solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and find vortex configurations that are very different from the vortex configurations in an axisymmetric rotating trap.Comment: 15 pages,4 figure

Rapid and Repeatable Shifts in Life-History Timing of \u3ci\u3eRhagoletis pomonella\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Tephritidae) Following Colonization of Novel Host Plants in the Pacific Northwestern United States

Host shifts of phytophagous insect specialists to novel plants can result in divergent ecological adaptation, generating reproductive isolation and potentially new species. Rhagoletis pomonellafruit flies in eastern North America underwent a host shift ~160 ya from native downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to introduced, domesticated apple (Malus domestica). Divergent selection on diapause phenology related to the earlier fruiting time of apples versus downy hawthorns resulted in partial allochronic reproductive isolation between the fly races. Here, we test for how rapid and repeatable shifts in life-history timing are driving ecological divergence of R. pomonella in the Pacific Northwestern USA. The fly was introduced into the region via larval-infested apples 40–65 ya and now attacks native black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) and introduced ornamental hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), in addition to early- and late-maturing apple varieties in the region. To investigate the life-history timing hypothesis, we used a field-based experiment to characterize the host-associated eclosion and flight activity patterns of adults, and the feeding times of larvae at a field site in Vancouver, Washington. We also assessed the degree to which differences in host-fruiting time generate allochronic isolation among apple-, black hawthorn-, and ornamental hawthorn-associated fly populations. We conclude that host-associated fly populations are temporally offset 24.4% to 92.6% in their seasonal distributions. Our results imply that R. pomonella possesses the capacity for rapid and repeatable shifts in diapause life history to match host-fruiting phenology, which can generate ecologically based reproductive isolation, and potentially biodiversity in the process