Unique and conserved MicroRNAs in wheat chromosome 5D revealed by next-generation sequencing

MicroRNAs are a class of short, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators in gene expression. miRNA analysis of Triticum aestivum chromosome 5D was performed on 454 GS FLX Titanium sequences of flow sorted chromosome 5D with a total of 3,208,630 good quality reads representing 1.34x and 1.61x coverage of the short (5DS) and long (5DL) arms of the chromosome respectively. In silico and structural analyses revealed a total of 55 miRNAs; 48 and 42 miRNAs were found to be present on 5DL and 5DS respectively, of which 35 were common to both chromosome arms, while 13 miRNAs were specific to 5DL and 7 miRNAs were specific to 5DS. In total, 14 of the predicted miRNAs were identified in wheat for the first time. Representation (the copy number of each miRNA) was also found to be higher in 5DL (1,949) compared to 5DS (1,191). Targets were predicted for each miRNA, while expression analysis gave evidence of expression for 6 out of 55 miRNAs. Occurrences of the same miRNAs were also found in Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa genome sequences to identify syntenic miRNA coding sequences. Based on this analysis, two other miRNAs: miR1133 and miR167 were detected in B. distachyon syntenic region of wheat 5DS. Five of the predicted miRNA coding regions (miR6220, miR5070, miR169, miR5085, miR2118) were experimentally verified to be located to the 5D chromosome and three of them : miR2118, miR169 and miR5085, were shown to be 5D specific. Furthermore miR2118 was shown to be expressed in Chinese Spring adult leaves. miRNA genes identified in this study will expand our understanding of gene regulation in bread wheat

Chromosome Bin Map of Expressed Sequence Tags in Homoeologous Group 1 of Hexaploid Wheat and Homoeology With Rice and Arabidopsis

A total of 944 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated 2212 EST loci mapped to homoeologous group 1 chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). EST deletion maps and the consensus map of group 1 chromosomes were constructed to show EST distribution. EST loci were unevenly distributed among chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D with 660, 826, and 726, respectively. The number of EST loci was greater on the long arms than on the short arms for all three chromosomes. The distribution of ESTs along chromosome arms was nonrandom with EST clusters occurring in the distal regions of short arms and middle regions of long arms. Duplications of group 1 ESTs in other homoeologous groups occurred at a rate of 35.5%. Seventy-five percent of wheat chromosome 1 ESTs had significant matches with rice sequences (E ≤ e(−10)), where large regions of conservation occurred between wheat consensus chromosome 1 and rice chromosome 5 and between the proximal portion of the long arm of wheat consensus chromosome 1 and rice chromosome 10. Only 9.5% of group 1 ESTs showed significant matches to Arabidopsis genome sequences. The results presented are useful for gene mapping and evolutionary and comparative genomics of grasses

Control of flowering time and spike development in cereals: the earliness per se Eps-1 region in wheat, rice, and Brachypodium

The earliness per se gene Eps-Am1 from diploid wheat Triticum monococcum affects heading time, spike development, and spikelet number. In this study, the Eps1 orthologous regions from rice, Aegilops tauschii, and Brachypodium distachyon were compared as part of current efforts to clone this gene. A single Brachypodium BAC clone spanned the Eps-Am1 region, but a gap was detected in the A. tauschii physical map. Sequencing of the Brachypodium and A. tauschii BAC clones revealed three genes shared by the three species, which showed higher identity between wheat and Brachypodium than between them and rice. However, most of the structural changes were detected in the wheat lineage. These included an inversion encompassing the wg241-VatpC region and the presence of six unique genes. In contrast, only one unique gene (and one pseudogene) was found in Brachypodium and none in rice. Three genes were present in both Brachypodium and wheat but were absent in rice. Two of these genes, Mot1 and FtsH4, were completely linked to the earliness per se phenotype in the T. monococcum high-density genetic map and are candidates for Eps-Am1. Both genes were expressed in apices and developing spikes, as expected for Eps-Am1 candidates. The predicted MOT1 protein showed amino acid differences between the parental T. monococcum lines, but its effect is difficult to predict. Future steps to clone the Eps-Am1 gene include the generation of mot1 and ftsh4 mutants and the completion of the T. monococcum physical map to test for the presence of additional candidate genes

The internet environment used for preliminary costing process of machining

Artykuł pokazuje zalety i możliwości wykorzystania internetowej aplikacji do szybkiego kosztorysowania obróbki skrawaniem. Przedstawiona jest próba zwiększenia jakości i efektywności pracy technologa poprzez przeniesienie aplikacji na środowisko internetowe.The paper shows advantages and operating potential of the Internet application for rapid costing of machining processes. There is described a trial to increase the efficiency of technologist's work by transfer the application to the Internet environment

Application of CAD systems for calculation of costs of machining processes

W pracy zwrócono uwagę na ważną rolę, jaką odgrywają systemy CAD w kosztorysowaniu procesów obróbki skrawaniem. Wskazano kilka koncepcji poszerzenia istniejącej aplikacji kosztorysującej o moduły wykorzystujące systemy CAD, co w znaczący sposób powinno pomóc w szybszym i dokładniejszym kosztorysowaniu procesów technologicznych.The aim of this article is to underline the importance and role of the CAD systems in the calculation of the costs of machining processes. A number of ideas how to extend application of an existing cost estimation with the CAD system modules is presented. These extensions should significantly improve the speed and accuracy of the cost calculations

Computer aided estimation of machining costs taking advantage of data resources of a company

Zasoby danych firmy powinny zawierać informacje o projektowanych w przeszłości procesach obróbki skrawaniem. Informacje takie mogą być wykorzystywane do przyspieszenia i poprawy dokładności szacowania kosztów aktualnie projektowanych procesów obróbki. Można w tym celu użyć aplikacji relacyjnej bazy danych oraz techniki case-based reasoning. Tego rodzaju podejście jest omawiane w niniejszej pracy. Przedstawiono w niej zastosowaną strukturę przechowywania danych procesów obróbki oraz zasadnicze koncepcje ukształtowania interfejsu użytkownika aplikacji. Zaproponowano również sposób określania kryteriów podobieństwa przypadku aktualnego oraz przypadków zrealizowanych w przeszłości i odnalezionych w bazie danych.Data resources of the company should contain information about machining processes designed in the past. That information can be used to improve cost estimations for currently planned machining processes. The relational database application and case-based reasoning technique can be applied for that purpose. This approach is described in the paper. The data structure and basic concepts of the user interface are proposed. Some suggestions concerning formulating of similarity criteria for the current case and cases retrieved from the database are also presented

Spider mites and predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) on stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) in Serbia

The results of a research conducted from 1980 to 2016 of leaf mites of stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) in Serbia are presented. The species complex of 9 spider mite species and 16 phytoseiid species was recognized on 10 Prunus species. A total of 17 mite species were found on cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), 16 species were found on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and 13 species were found on plum (Prunus domestica L.). The highest coefficient of constancy among the spider mites was found for Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (27.9%), and among the phytoseiids for Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (58.7%). Very significant positive values of the association index were found for the pairs: Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri Scheuten-Bryobia angustisetis Jakobashvili, Neoseiulella aceri (Collyer)-Panonychus ulmi (Koch), N. aceri-Bryobia sp., Phytoseius corniger Wainstein-T.(T.) pyri, N. aceri-P. echinus, P. macropilis -Paraseiulus soleiger (Ribaga). Significant positive values were noted for the the pairs P. corniger-Bryobia sp., P. echinus-Bryobia sp., and K. aberrans-P. echinus. Very significant negative index values were detected for the pairs E. finlandicus-K. aberrans and E. finlandicus-P. macropilis, and a significant negative index of association for the pair A. andersoni-A. viennensis

Development of an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) Resource for Wheat (\u3ci\u3eTriticum aestivum\u3c/i\u3e L.): EST Generation, Unigene Analysis, Probe Selection and Bioinformatics for a 16,000-Locus Bin-Delineated Map

This report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) wheat genome (Triticum aestivum L.). Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection (113,220 ESTs). Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons (unassembled ESTs) were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5’ and 3’ sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics