Educação sob o Nacional-Socialismo. Ideologia, Programas e Prática

The article provides a condensed, introductory overview of National Socialist formation education in the Hitler Youth and school. It is based on the author’s own research and relevant presentations. Education under National Socialism was characterized by the interplay of a racist worldview and the regime’s totalitarian will to rule. For Nazi education, this meant that the political took precedence over all social issues, including all issues relevant from the perspective of educational theory. In our analysis, we distinguish between two levels: the level of standardization and the level of educational practices in the Hitler Youth and school. Particularly during World War II, political demands were increasingly rigidly enforced, and adolescents were increasingly instrumentalized for their purposes. The National Socialists’ aspirations for total control compared to the educational reality exhibited correspondences as well as discrepancies and contradictions. Against the background of traditional tasks of education, the verdict on Nazi education from a normative point of view is clearly negative. However, if one also looks at National Socialist educational practices, one notices numerous characteristic ambivalences – between the partly contradictory demands of the National Socialist regime, but also between its educational practices and its attempts at realization. On the one hand, National Socialists achieved comprehensive formative successes, while on the other hand they often failed because of their totalitarian objectives

Hans-Georg Herrlitz: Auf dem Weg zur Historischen Bildungsforschung. Studien über Schule und Erziehungswissenschaft aus siebenunddreißig Jahren. Weinheim und München: Juventa Verlag 2001 (270 S.) [Rezension]

Rezension von: Hans-Georg Herrlitz: Auf dem Weg zur Historischen Bildungsforschung. Studien über Schule und Erziehungswissenschaft aus siebenunddreißig Jahren. Weinheim und München: Juventa Verlag 2001 (270 S.; ISBN 3-7799-1427-1)

Bernd Dühlmeier: Und die Schule bewegte sich doch. Unbekannte Reformpädagogen und ihre Projekte in der Nachkriegszeit. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2004 (510 S.) [Rezension]

Rezension von: Bernd Dühlmeier: Und die Schule bewegte sich doch. Unbekannte Reformpädagogen und ihre Projekte in der Nachkriegszeit. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2004 (510 S.; ISBN 3-7815-1328-9; 34,00 EUR)

Gelingensbedingungen von Schulreform. Bildungshistorische Befunde als Schlüssel zum pädagogischen Verständnis von Schulentwicklungsprozessen und als Erweiterung des Theorienverbundes zur Schulreform

Historische Schulforschung und Schulentwicklungsforschung haben an schulischen Reformprozessen zwar ein vergleichbares Forschungsinteresse, stehen aber bislang nicht im wissenschaftlichen Dialog. Gleichwohl existierten nahezu sämtliche Praxen der gegenwärtigen Schul- und Unterrichtsentwicklung bereits in den Schulreformprozessen der historischen Reformpädagogik. Auf der Grundlage von elf bildungshistorischen und schulpädagogischen Quellenstudien wird ein Struktur- und Handlungsmodell gelingender Schulreformprozesse entwickelt, das sich aus der akteursnahen Eigenlogik pädagogisch-praktischer Reformprozesse ableitet. Die Studien analysieren fallorientiert und quellengestützt die Reformpraxen an historischen Reformschulen des 20. Jahrhunderts und geben vertiefte Einblicke in historische Schul(reform)praxis. Bezugspunkt ist dabei jeweils die Einzelschule als pädagogische Handlungseinheit. Die historisch-empirisch entwickelte „Fünf-plus-zwei-K-Struktur gelingender Schulreformprozesse“ wurde an 100 gegenwärtigen Reformschulen überprüft und konnte im Ergebnis in einem Zeitraum von rund einhundert Jahren als wiederkehrend validiert werden. Die Befunde tragen insgesamt zum pädagogischen Verständnis von Schulreformprozessen bei und bilden eine professionsnahe Referenz für die Theoriebildung innerhalb der Schulentwicklungsforschung. (DIPF/Orig.)This work presents a structural and operative model of successful processes of school reform, based on eleven source-based studies on the history of educational and school-based pedagogy. Oriented on real-world cases and sources, these studies analyse the reform practices of historical reform schools during the twentieth century. The point of reference in each case is the individual school as a pedagogical unit of action. The studies are historically and empirically grounded and provide in-depth insights into the historical practices of schools as well as historical school reforms. The term “conditions for success” is employed here to focus on organisational structures and pedagogical patterns of action within historical processes of reform. The findings are derived from the inherent logic of practical pedagogical processes of reform. These are structures and patterns of action developed by the pedagogical professionals themselves through social processes. The results of the educational-historical source studies are collated here in a model of recurring professional patterns of pedagogical action and structure. The resulting historically and empirically developed “Five-plus-two-K Structure of Successful School Reform Processes” was tested on 100 modern day reform schools and it could be shown that these processes recur over a period of about one hundred years. Following the inherent logic of pedagogical processes in schools, the “Five-plus-two-K Structure of Successful School Reform Processes” was developed through a process of professional pedagogical action, shaped by professional pedagogical action and interaction, and was differentiated for professional pedagogical action. This model is integrative on the basis that it is primarily pedagogically constituted and was closely developed with educational professionals. The model is thus an educational-historical contribution to a theory of school reform processes and contributes to the pedagogical understanding of the processes of school development. (DIPF/Orig.

Bildungssystem im Wandel – Zwischen Eigendynamik, Politik und Pädagogik

Die hier vorgelegten Analysen zeigen jetzt, in welcher Weise man sinnvoll über die ‚Eigenbewegung‘ und ‚Eigendynamik‘ des (deutschen) Bildungswesens im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert sprechen kann. Die Beiträge analysieren auch schon, welche Dimensionen der Wandel hat, ob er primär oder gar allein systemisch zu beobachten ist oder auch auf der Ebene der pädagogischen Interaktion, auf der Ebene der Reflexion oder auch in der forschenden Behandlung des Bildungswesens. Die Autoren geben eine Einleitung zu den folgenden Artikeln des Heftes. (DIPF/Orig./jk.

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file