Eletrophoretic profile of serum proteins of goat kids fed with bovine colostrum in natura and lyophilized

AbstractBovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immunity for goat kids. Twenty-five female newborn goat kids were randomly allotted into five treatments: goat colostrum A (GCA) or bovine colostrum A (BCA) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, goat colostrum B (GCB) or bovine colostrum B (BCB) with 15–25mg/mL. The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12 and 24h after birth, and then, cow milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of age. Blood samples were collected at 0 to 60 days of age to determine total serum protein (TP) and serum protein fractions by electrophoresis. In the last experimental days, 50 and 60, the TP concentration for all groups were higher than at 0h (P<0.05) and differences in values after colostrum ingestion were not observed (P<0.05). The LBC group (2.39±0.09g/dL) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin concentration than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB, 3.20±0.09, 2.93±0.09, 3.25±0.09 and 3.07±0.10g/dL, respectively (P<0.05), and from birth to five days of life, albumin values were lower (P<0.05) than at 40 to 60 days of life. At birth, the globulin concentration, 1.87±0.05g/dL, was lower (P<0.05) than at 10 to 60 days of life (P<0.05). The LBC group (1.25±0.04) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin/globulin ratio than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB (1.36±0.04, 1.38±0.04, 1.48±0.04 and 1.44±0.05, respectively) and, at birth (1.52±0.05), the ratio was higher (P<0.05) than 0.5 and 1 day of life. The LBC group (0.67±0.04g/dL) showed higher (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration than GCB and BCB (0.48±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively), and did not differ (P>0.05) from GCA and BCA (0.62±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively). The lowest (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration was observed at birth, 0.24±0.04g/dL. The results indicate that bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of initial protection for newborn goat kids

FREEZING OF DONKEY SEMEN (EQUUS ASINUS)

Por muchas décadas, el desarrollo y utilización de la inseminación artificial en loséquidos, especialmente con semen congelado, estuvo restringido, principalmente, porimposiciones de las asociaciones de criadores. Recientemente, las legislaciones de criadoresde équidos en varios países se han tornado más flexibles, permitiendo el registro deproductos oriundos de semen congelado. En el Brasil, frente a ese nuevo cambio, laprincipal asociación de criadores de burros (Associação Brasileira de Criadores de JumentoPêga) revisó sus conceptos y comenzó a permitir la utilización de esta biotecnología.Asimismo, en muchos países, el mayor interés en el asno o burro como semental estárelacionado a la producción de mulares, pues estos animales son deseables en el mediorural, debido a que reúnen las mejores características del burro y del caballo. Los primerostrabajos en congelamiento de semen de asnos utilizaron dilutores a base de yema dehuevo y glicerol, y ampolletas de vidrio como sistema de envase, basados en la metodologíade congelamiento de toros. Sin embargo, pese al tiempo transcurrido, pocas investigacioneshan sido dirigidas a esta especie, en especial a biotecnologías del semen. Enesta revisión de literatura se discuten las principales técnicas de congelamiento de semende équidos y se describen estudios referentes al congelamiento de semen de laespecie asnal.For decades, the development and use of the artificial insemination in the equine, especially with frozen semen, was restricted due to impositions of equine breeders associations that opposed the use of the technique. Recently, these legislations have become more flexible in several countries, allowing the registration of products originating from frozen semen. In Brazil, based on these changes, the main donkey breed association (Brazilian Breeders Association of the Pêga Donkeys) revised their concepts and started to allow the use of this biotechnology. The current interest in many countries for the donkey sire is the production of mules, because their acceptability as these animals inherits suitable characteristics of both donkeys and horses. The first reports on donkey frozen semen used extenders based on egg yolk and glycerol, packed in glass ampoules, and followed the existing methodology for freezing bull semen. However, despite of the elapsed time, few research works have been carried out on this species, especially on semen. This literature review discussed the main techniques of freezing equine semen and describes studies on freezing of sperm of asinine species

Study of maternal serum antibodies fluctuation in pre and post partum period and passive immunity transfer in newborn goat kids using bovine and caprine colostrum

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação de anticorpos séricos em cabras no período pré e imediatamente pós-parto e a eficiência do processo de aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos recém-nascidos utilizando colostro caprino e bovino, contribuindo para a avaliação de uma alternativa de manejo de colostro e o melhor conhecimento do mecanismo de formação e transferência de imunidade passiva. Foram utilizadas 18 cabras e suas respectivas crias, 33 animais, sendo 19 fêmeas e 14 machos. Os animais foram distribuídos ao acaso em dois grupos que receberam às 0, 12, 24 e 36 horas de vida colostro caprino (grupo A) e colostro bovino (grupo B). As coletas de sangue das cabras foram iniciadas 45 dias antes da data prevista para o parto, em intervalos de 5 dias, até o 5o dia após o parto. Amostras de sangue dos cabritos foram coletadas às 0, 12, 24 e 48 horas, e aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 dias de idade. As variáveis séricas analisadas foram proteína total (PT), através do método do biureto, e imunoglobulinas (Ig) através dos métodos de imunodifusão radial (IDR) e turvação por sulfato de zinco (ZST). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as variáveis séricas analisadas como medidas repetidas no tempo. A ausência de queda significativa na concentração sérica de PT e Ig no período pré-parto indica que a mobilidade destes componentes séricos para a glândula mamária ocorre em concentrações que permitem que o animal mantenha esses valores estáveis. O grupo A apresentou valores máximos de PT e Ig séricas mais tardiamente aos 20,05±1,36 e 20,11±1,72 dias de vida, e as médias foram de 5,91±0,22 g/dL e 28,17±2,05 unidades ZST, respectivamente. Neste grupo as variáveis PT e Ig após o acréscimo inicial, entre a primeira e segunda data, permanecem sem alteração ao longo do período experimental. No grupo B a data de concentração máxima de PT foi verificada nas 48,68±0,70 horas de vida, com média de 7,16±0,28 g/dL e a data de concentração máxima de Ig foi verificada às 48,75±0,73 horas de vida, com média de 37,56±2,38 unidades ZST. Em seguida, os valores decresceram gradativamente, em função do catabolismo das imunoglobulinas adquiridas. Os resultados indicam que o colostro caprino pode ser substituído pelo colostro bovino apresentando vantagens para cabritos recém-nascidos na aquisição inicial de Ig sérica. Determinou-se a correspondência dos valores de ZST em mg/mL de IgG através de análises comparativas de imunoglobulinas presentes em amostras séricas, obtidas do grupo B (colostro bovino) nas primeiras 48 horas de vida usando os métodos de IDR e ZST. Foi encontrado um coeficiente de correlação de 0,725, indicando a existência de associação entre unidades ZST e a concentração de imunoglobulina em mg/mL, permitindo, deste modo estimar o nível de imunoglobulina sérica através do método ZST.The objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of serum antibodies in goats pre and immediately post partum period and the passive immunity acquisition efficiency in goat kids fed caprine and bovine colostrum, contributing for an evaluation of colostrum management alternative and a better knowledge of passive immunity formation and transference mechanism. Eighteen goats and their respective offspring, 33 animals, 19 females and 14 males, were used. Animals were randomly distributed in two groups that received at 0, 12, 24 and 36 hours after birth, caprine colostrum (group A) and bovine colostrum (group B). Goat blood samples collection started 45 days before the birth predicted date, with intervals of 5 days until the 5th day post partum. Goat kids blood samples were collected at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days of age. Serum variables analyzed were total protein (TP), by biurete method, and immunoglobulin (Ig) by radial immunodiffusion (IDR) and zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) methods. A completely randomized desing was used with serum variables analyzed as repeated measures on time. The absence of significant fall on TP and Ig serum concentration in pre partum period, indicates that the mobility of these serum components to mammary gland occurs in concentrations that allow these animals to keep the stability of these values. Group A showed maximum values for serum TP and Ig later than group B, at 20.05±1.36 and 20.11±1.72 days after birth, and the means were 5.91±0.22 g/dL and 28.17±2.05 ZST units, respectively. In this group the variables TP e Ig after an initial increase, between first and second experimental date, remain without alterations through the experimental period. In group B, the highest concentration date for TP was observed on the 48.68±0.79 hours after birth, with means of 7.16±0.28 g/dL and the highest concentration date for Ig at 48±0.73 hours after birth, with mean of 37.56±2.38 ZST units. After this period the values gradually decreased, mainly function of acquired Ig catabolism. The results indicate that caprine colostrum can be used as a replacer for bovine colostrum showing advantages for the newborn in the initial acquisition of serum Ig status. ZST values correspondence in mg/mL of IgG was determined through comparative analyses of immunoglobulin present in serum samples from group B at first 48 hours after birth using the IDR and ZST methods. A correlation coefficient of 0.725 was found, indicating the existence of association between ZST units and Ig concentration in mg/mL, allowing to estimate the level of serum Ig through ZST method

Fluctuation of serum proteins and diarrhea during the process of acquisition of passive protection in newborn goat kids fed goat and bovine colostrum in natura and lyophilized bovine

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de colostro, caprino e bovino in natura, e bovino liofilizado em 25 cabritas distribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos: CCA - colostro caprino adequado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG); CCB - colostro caprino baixo (15 a 25 mg/mL de IgG); CBA - colostro bovino adequado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG); CBB - colostro bovino baixo (15 a 25 mg/mL de IgG) e CBL - colostro bovino liofilizado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG). Os animais receberam 5% do peso vivo de colostro às 0,12 e 24 horas após o nascimento e, em seguida, leite de vaca duas vezes ao dia e concentrado ad libitum até 60 dias de idade. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, ½, 1, 2 , 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 de idade. O sangue foi analisado quanto ao valor de hematócrito e a concentração de proteína total (PT). As frações protéicas separadas por eletroforese e a condição de diarréia foi avaliada através de cor, consistência, presença de sangue/muco. As variáveis sanguíneas foram analisadas como medidas repetidas no tempo. Com relação ao valor de hematócrito efeito de período foi observado, o valor no primeiro dia de idade, 28,76±1,76, foi maior que nos 10, 30, 35 e 60 dias de idade, com valores médios de 23,88±0,98, 24,18±0,70, 23,73±0,74 e 24,53±0,79%, respectivamente. Interação entre tratamento e período foi verificado para PT sérica, os tratamentos CCB, CBA, CBB e CBL apresentaram aumento gradativo nas concentrações séricas até os 60 dias de idade, enquanto CCA apresentou valores nos dias 10,15, 40, 50 e 60 dias de idade maiores que o valor ao nascimento. Os valores de albumina sérica foram afetados pelo tratamento e período, sendo o valor em CBL, 2,39±0,12 g/dL, significamente inferior ao dos tratamentos CCA, CCB, CBA e CBB, com 3,20±0,12, 2,94±0,12, 3,25±0,12, 3,08±0,12 g/dL, respectivamente. Um aumento gradativo nas concentrações desta variável foi observado até os 60 dias de idade. Ao 0 e ½ dia de idade os valores de globulina sérica foram menores que os observados na última data experimental, 60 dias de idade. A relação albumina/globulinas sérica foi afetada pelo efeito de tratamento e período, com os valores em CBL significativamente superiores do que em CCA, CCB, CBA e CBB. A relação foi maior ao nascimento diminuindo nas datas subseqüentes, ½ e 1 dia de idade. A variável gamaglobulina apresentou efeito de tratamento e período, com valores em CBL significativamente superiores do que em CCB e CBB, não diferindo dos encontrados em CCA e CBA. Os valores ao 0 e ½ dia de idade foram menores que aos 60 dias de idade. Observando a condição de diarréia nos tratamentos verificou-se que os animais CCB e CBB apresentaram maior frequência de diarréia que os animais dos demais tratamentos, indicando uma relação inversa entre anticorpos no colostro e condição de diarréia. Os resultados indicam que o colostro bovino liofilizado pode ser utilizado para caprinos recém-nascidos como fonte alternativa para a aquisição de proteção inicial.It was to evaluated the effect of different sources of colostrum, goat and bovine in natura, and lyophilized bovine in 25 newborn female goat kids were randomly allocated to five treatments: GCA - goat colostrum adequate (45 to 55 mg/mL of IgG), GCL - goat colostrum low (15 to 25 mg/mL of IgG), BCA - bovine colostrum adequate (45 to 55 mg/mL of IgG), LBC - bovine colostrum low (15 to 25 mg / mL of IgG) and of treatment CBL, lyophilized bovine colostrum (45 to 55 mg / mL of IgG). The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12, 24 hr after birth and then, bovine milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of life. Blood samples were collected in 0, ½, 1, 2 , 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 days of age. Blood was analyzed for hematocrit value and total protein (TP). Protein fractions were separated by electrophoresis and the condition of diarrhea was evaluated by color, consistency, blood/mucus presence. Blood variables analyzed as repeated measures on time.Related to hematocrit values effect of period was observed, the value at one day of age, 28.76±1.76, was higher than at 10, 30, 35 and 60 days of age, with average at 23.88±0.98, 24.18±0.70, 23.73±0.74 and 24.53 ± 0.79%, respectively. Interaction between treatment and period was observed for serum TP, treatments GCL, BCA, BCL, and LBC showed a gradual increase in serum concentrations up to 60 days of age, while GCA showed values on days 10, 15, 40, 50 and 60 days of age, greater than the value at birth. The values of serum albumin were affected by treatment and period, being the value in LBC, 2.39±0.12 g/dL, significantly lower than the GCA treatment, GCL, BCA and BCL, with 3.20±0.12 , 2.94±0.12, 3.25±0.12 and 3.08± 0.12 g/dL, respectively. A gradual increase in the concentrations of this variable was observed until 60 days of age. To 0 and ½ day of age values of serum globulin were significantly lower than the observed at last experimental date, 60 days of age. Serum albumin/globulin relation was affected by the treatment and period with the values in CBL significantly higher than observed in GCA, GCL, BCA and BCL. The relation was higher at birth decreasing in the following dates, ½ and 1 day of age. The variable gamma globulin was affected by treatment and period, with values in LBC significantly higher than in GCL and BCL, not differing from the found in GCA and BCA. The values at 0 and ½ day of age were lower than 60 days of age. Observing the diarrhea condition, in the treatments, it was verified that the GCL and BCL animal had showed higher diarrhea incidence than the animals from the other treatments, indicating an inverse relationship between antibodies in the colostrum and condition of diarrhea. The results indicate that lyophilized bovine colostrum can be used to newborns goat kids as an alternative source for the acquisition of initial protection

Fluctuation of serum proteins and diarrhea during the process of acquisition of passive protection in newborn goat kids fed goat and bovine colostrum in natura and lyophilized bovine

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de colostro, caprino e bovino in natura, e bovino liofilizado em 25 cabritas distribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos: CCA - colostro caprino adequado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG); CCB - colostro caprino baixo (15 a 25 mg/mL de IgG); CBA - colostro bovino adequado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG); CBB - colostro bovino baixo (15 a 25 mg/mL de IgG) e CBL - colostro bovino liofilizado (45 a 55 mg/mL de IgG). Os animais receberam 5% do peso vivo de colostro às 0,12 e 24 horas após o nascimento e, em seguida, leite de vaca duas vezes ao dia e concentrado ad libitum até 60 dias de idade. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, ½, 1, 2 , 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 de idade. O sangue foi analisado quanto ao valor de hematócrito e a concentração de proteína total (PT). As frações protéicas separadas por eletroforese e a condição de diarréia foi avaliada através de cor, consistência, presença de sangue/muco. As variáveis sanguíneas foram analisadas como medidas repetidas no tempo. Com relação ao valor de hematócrito efeito de período foi observado, o valor no primeiro dia de idade, 28,76±1,76, foi maior que nos 10, 30, 35 e 60 dias de idade, com valores médios de 23,88±0,98, 24,18±0,70, 23,73±0,74 e 24,53±0,79%, respectivamente. Interação entre tratamento e período foi verificado para PT sérica, os tratamentos CCB, CBA, CBB e CBL apresentaram aumento gradativo nas concentrações séricas até os 60 dias de idade, enquanto CCA apresentou valores nos dias 10,15, 40, 50 e 60 dias de idade maiores que o valor ao nascimento. Os valores de albumina sérica foram afetados pelo tratamento e período, sendo o valor em CBL, 2,39±0,12 g/dL, significamente inferior ao dos tratamentos CCA, CCB, CBA e CBB, com 3,20±0,12, 2,94±0,12, 3,25±0,12, 3,08±0,12 g/dL, respectivamente. Um aumento gradativo nas concentrações desta variável foi observado até os 60 dias de idade. Ao 0 e ½ dia de idade os valores de globulina sérica foram menores que os observados na última data experimental, 60 dias de idade. A relação albumina/globulinas sérica foi afetada pelo efeito de tratamento e período, com os valores em CBL significativamente superiores do que em CCA, CCB, CBA e CBB. A relação foi maior ao nascimento diminuindo nas datas subseqüentes, ½ e 1 dia de idade. A variável gamaglobulina apresentou efeito de tratamento e período, com valores em CBL significativamente superiores do que em CCB e CBB, não diferindo dos encontrados em CCA e CBA. Os valores ao 0 e ½ dia de idade foram menores que aos 60 dias de idade. Observando a condição de diarréia nos tratamentos verificou-se que os animais CCB e CBB apresentaram maior frequência de diarréia que os animais dos demais tratamentos, indicando uma relação inversa entre anticorpos no colostro e condição de diarréia. Os resultados indicam que o colostro bovino liofilizado pode ser utilizado para caprinos recém-nascidos como fonte alternativa para a aquisição de proteção inicial.It was to evaluated the effect of different sources of colostrum, goat and bovine in natura, and lyophilized bovine in 25 newborn female goat kids were randomly allocated to five treatments: GCA - goat colostrum adequate (45 to 55 mg/mL of IgG), GCL - goat colostrum low (15 to 25 mg/mL of IgG), BCA - bovine colostrum adequate (45 to 55 mg/mL of IgG), LBC - bovine colostrum low (15 to 25 mg / mL of IgG) and of treatment CBL, lyophilized bovine colostrum (45 to 55 mg / mL of IgG). The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12, 24 hr after birth and then, bovine milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of life. Blood samples were collected in 0, ½, 1, 2 , 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 days of age. Blood was analyzed for hematocrit value and total protein (TP). Protein fractions were separated by electrophoresis and the condition of diarrhea was evaluated by color, consistency, blood/mucus presence. Blood variables analyzed as repeated measures on time.Related to hematocrit values effect of period was observed, the value at one day of age, 28.76±1.76, was higher than at 10, 30, 35 and 60 days of age, with average at 23.88±0.98, 24.18±0.70, 23.73±0.74 and 24.53 ± 0.79%, respectively. Interaction between treatment and period was observed for serum TP, treatments GCL, BCA, BCL, and LBC showed a gradual increase in serum concentrations up to 60 days of age, while GCA showed values on days 10, 15, 40, 50 and 60 days of age, greater than the value at birth. The values of serum albumin were affected by treatment and period, being the value in LBC, 2.39±0.12 g/dL, significantly lower than the GCA treatment, GCL, BCA and BCL, with 3.20±0.12 , 2.94±0.12, 3.25±0.12 and 3.08± 0.12 g/dL, respectively. A gradual increase in the concentrations of this variable was observed until 60 days of age. To 0 and ½ day of age values of serum globulin were significantly lower than the observed at last experimental date, 60 days of age. Serum albumin/globulin relation was affected by the treatment and period with the values in CBL significantly higher than observed in GCA, GCL, BCA and BCL. The relation was higher at birth decreasing in the following dates, ½ and 1 day of age. The variable gamma globulin was affected by treatment and period, with values in LBC significantly higher than in GCL and BCL, not differing from the found in GCA and BCA. The values at 0 and ½ day of age were lower than 60 days of age. Observing the diarrhea condition, in the treatments, it was verified that the GCL and BCL animal had showed higher diarrhea incidence than the animals from the other treatments, indicating an inverse relationship between antibodies in the colostrum and condition of diarrhea. The results indicate that lyophilized bovine colostrum can be used to newborns goat kids as an alternative source for the acquisition of initial protection

Goat kids' intestinal absorptive mucosa in period of passive immunity acquisition

Colostrum intake in newborn goat kids is essential for the acquisition of immunoglobulins (Ig) and influencing development of gastrointestinal mucosa. The present study investigated small intestine structure in the postnatal goat kid fed lyophilized bovine colostrum, an alternative source of antibodies to small ruminants, or goat colostrum using scanning electron microscopy technique. At 0,7 and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) and 14 goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/mL of IgG. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96 h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth without colostrum intake (0 h). The enteric tissues were analyzed for villi density (villi/cm(2)) and morphological characteristics. The villi density did not differ between treatment, sampling time and intestinal segments (P&gt;0.05). The morphological characteristics were not different between LBC and GC in all segments. Duodenal villi were fingerlike, thick and short, and with different heights. Duodenal folds could also be verified. Frequent anastomoses in all sampling times were observed in this segment. In the jejunum, fingerlike villi, thin and thick, of different heights were observed in all sampling times as well as leaf-shaped villi. Vacuoles with colostrum were observed in the jejunum of goats sampled at 18 h of life. In ileum, fingerlike villi were observed in all sampling times. At 0 and 96 h of life, thick and low villi were verified while at 18 and 36 h the villi showed different heights and widths. At all sampling times, regularly cell extrusion processes were observed with grouped cells at the apex of the ileum villi and with isolated cells along the villi. In the first 4 days of goat kids' life the small intestine structure was unaffected by different sources of colostrum, goat or lyophilized bovine, and by the replacement of fetal enterocytes, which are able to absorb macromolecules, by adult-type ones. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FAPESPFAPES

Enzyme activity in the small intestine of goat kids during the period of passive immunity acquisition

Enzyme activity of protein and carbohydrate degradation in small intestinal mucosa was investigated in goat kids fed with lyophilized bovine and goat colostrum. At 0,7 and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 goat colostrum, both with 55 mg/mL of IgG. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were collected at 18,36 and 96 h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth, without colostrum intake. Activity of aminopeptidase N and A, dipeptidil peptidase IV, lactase, maltase and sucrase was determined as one international unit per gram of tissue. Intracellular enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase was observed by histochemistry in tissue section. Only the activity of aminopeptidase A in the ileum was affected by treatment, with a greater value for LBC than for GC (P &lt; 0.05). The aminopeptidase N activity was the highest at 36 h in the duodenum (P &lt; 0.05) and lowest at 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Dipeptidil peptidase IV activity was highest at 36 h in the duodenum (P &lt; 0.05), lowest at 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05) and higher at 36 h than at 96 h in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05). Aminopeptidase A activity in the ileum was highest at 36 h (P &lt; 0.05), followed by 18 and 96 h of life (P &lt; 0.05). Lactase activity in the duodenum increased from 18 to 36 h and from 36 to 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Maltase activity increased only in the duodenum from 18 to 96 h (P &lt; 0.05). Sucrase activity in the jejunum decreased from 18 to 36 h and from 36 to 96 h in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05). At birth, activity of most enzymes was similar to that at later times (P &lt; 0.05). Histochemistry analyses showed a higher frequency of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity in the duodenum, especially at 36 h of life. In the jejunum, the presence of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity was the highest at 96 h, followed by 36 and 18 h of life. In the ileum, all samples showed low presence of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity. These results indicate that lyophilized bovine colostrum, as a heterologous source of antibodies or nutrients, is a possible alternative management tool for goats. The present work also suggests that in the first 4 days of life, enzyme activity in the intestinal epithelium of goats is still not fully stimulated, which is an important characteristic for these animals that depend on macromolecule absorption to acquire passive protection after birth. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP

Flutuação das variáveis séricas em cabras e estudo comparativo da absorção de anticorpos em cabritos recém-nascidos utilizando colostro bovino e caprino Fluctuation of serum variables in goats and comparative study of antibody absorption in new-born kids using cattle and goat colostrum

Objetivou-se determinar a flutuação no nível de anticorpos séricos em cabras nos períodos pré e pós-parto e a eficiência do processo de aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos recém-nascidos utilizando colostros bovino e caprino, visando à avaliação de uma alternativa de manejo de colostro. Foram utilizadas 18 cabras e suas respectivas crias, num total de 33 animais. A coleta de sangue das cabras foi iniciada 45 dias antes da data prevista para o parto e foi realizada em intervalos de cinco dias até o 5º dia após o parto. Os cabritos foram distribuídos em dois grupos: um grupo recebeu colostro caprino e o outro colostro bovino. As coletas de sangue foram feitas às 0, 12, 24 e 48 horas e aos 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 dias de vida. Foram analisadas as concentrações séricas de proteína total e imunoglobulinas, além da concentração de imunoglobinas no colostro. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e as variáveis séricas analisadas como medidas repetidas. A ausência de queda na concentração sérica de proteínas totais e imunoglobinas no período pré-parto indica que a mobilização de anticorpos para glândula mamária ocorre em concentrações que permitem o animal manter essas variáveis sem grandes alterações. No grupo que recebeu colostro bovino, a data de concentração máxima de proteínas totais (7,16 ± 0,28 g/dL) foi verificada às 48,68 ± 0,70 horas de vida e a de imunoglobinas, às 48,75 ± 0,73 horas, com média de 37,56 ± 2,38 unidades ZST (turvação por sulfato de zinco). No grupo que recebeu colostro caprino, os valores máximos de proteínas totais e imunoglobinas séricas ocorreram mais tardiamente, aos 20,05 ± 1,36 e 20,11 ± 1,72 dias de vida, com médias de 5,91 ± 0,22 g/dL e 28,17 ± 2,05 unidades ZST, respectivamente. O colostro caprino pode ser substituído pelo colostro bovino, que promove melhor aquisição inicial de imunoglobulinas aos neonatos.<br>The objective of this study was to determine the fluctuation of serum antibodies in goats in the period before and immediately after kidding and the passive immunity acquisition efficiency in kids fed bovine and goat colostrum, to assess an alternative for colostrum management. Eighteen goats and their offspring were used in a total of 33 animals. Goat blood samples started to be collected 45 days before the predicated kidding date, at five-day intervals until the 5th day post kidding. The kids were distributed in two groups: one group received goat colostrum and the other cattle colostrums. Blood collections were made 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and at 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days of age. The serum concentration of total protein (TP) and immunoglobulins (Ig), and the colostrum IgG concentration were analyzed. A randomized complete design was used and the serum variables were analyzed as repeated measurements. The absence of fall in TP and Ig serum concentration in the pre partum period, indicated that the mobilization of serum antibodies to mammary gland occurred in concentrations that allow the animals to keep these variables without great alterations. In the group that received cattle colostrum, the highest concentration data for TP was observed at 48.68 ± 0.79 hours after birth, with mean of 7.16 ± 0.28 g/dL, and the highest concentration date for Ig at 48 ± 0.73, with mean of 37.56 ± 2.38 ZST units (zinc sulfate turbidity). In the group that received goat colostrum, the maximum values for serum TP and Ig occurred later, at 20.05 ± 1.36 and 20.11 ± 1.72 days after birth, with means of 5.91 ± 0.22 g/dL and 28.17 ± 2.05 ZST units (zinc sulphate turbidity), respectively. Goat colostrum can be substituted by cattle colostrums, that promotes better initial immunoglobulin acquisition by the neonates