Economic Impact of a Rotavirus Vaccine in Brazil

The study was done to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazilian children from the healthcare system perspective. A hypothetical annual birth-cohort was followed for a five-year period. Published and national administrative data were incorporated into a model to quantify the consequences of vaccination versus no vaccination. Main outcome measures included the reduction in disease burden, lives saved, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. A rotavirus vaccinationprogramme in Brazil would prevent an estimated 1,804 deaths associated with gastroenteritis due to rotavirus, 91,127 hospitalizations, and 550,198 outpatient visits. Vaccination is likely to reduce 76% of the overall healthcare burden of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in Brazil. At a vaccine price of US$7-8 per dose, the cost-effectiveness ratio would be US$ 643 per DALY averted. Rotavirus vaccination can reduce the burden of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus at a reasonable cost-effectiveness ratio

Estudos epidemiológicos entre grupos indígenas de Rondônia: IV. Inquérito sorológico para rotavírus entre os Suruí e Karitiána Epidemiological studies among Amerindians of Rondônia: IV. Note of serological survey for rotavirus antibodies among Suruí and Karitiána

São apresentados os dados de um inquérito soro epidemiológico para anticorpos anti-rotavírus conduzido entre os Suruí e Karitiána, dois grupos indígenas de Rondônia, Brasil. Os resultados indicam que as porcentagens de soropositividade são elevadas (67,8% para os Suruí e 77,4% para os Karitiána, através da técnica ELISA, e 45,5% para os Suruí e 56,7% para os Karitiána, através de imunofluorescência indireta). Testes de qui-quadrado indicam não haver associação estatisticamente significante entre grupo e positividade sorológica. São discutidos os resultados à luz de outros estudos conduzidos com grupos indígenas brasileiros.<br>The authors present the results of a sero-epidemiological survey for rotavirus antibodies conducted among the Suruí and Kantiána, two amerindian groups of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonia. The results indicate high percentages of seropositivity for both groups (67.8% among the Surui and 77.4% among the Kantiana using ELISA and 45.5% for the Suruí and 56.7% for the Karitiána using indirect immunofluorescence). Chi square tests indicated no statistically significant association between group and seropositivity. The results are discussed in the light of other studies conducted among Brazilian amerindian groups

The Value Of Pcr-rflp Molecular Markers For The Differentiation Of Immature Stages Of Two Necrophagous Flies (diptera: Calliphoridae) Of Potential Forensic Importance [o Valor De Marcadores Moleculares Do Tipo Pcr-rflp Para A Diferenciação De Estágios Imaturos De Duas Moscas Necrófagas (diptera: Calliphoridae) De Potencial Importância Forense]

The identification of insect species involved in corpses decomposition is of particular importance in estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic science, since the PMI is based on information about the life cycle of necrophagous insects. However, the identification of some insect species, especially in their immature stages, may be complicated by many factors, even for experienced taxonomists. Species of the same genus such as Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) and H. semidiaphana (Rondani) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are morphologically and behaviorally very similar, but differ in their growth and maturation rates. These species are abundant in forests, exclusively necrophagous and, therefore, are of potential medicolegal importance for estimating the PMI in criminal events that would take place in those areas. In this study, we assessed the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in the differentiation of these two species. Two specific regions of mitochondrial DNA, the Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the control region (CR), were amplified by PCR and digested using restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns generated by the endonucleases DraI and SspI were suitable for differentiating the two Hemilucilia species. This method can be helpful for the forensic entomologist in estimating the PMI because it provides a fast identification, also making possible the use of the insect at any life stage, including immature specimens, regardless of the conditions of preservation (dead or live specimens).345777783Amorim, J.A., Ribeiro, O.B., Distinction among the puparia of three blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) frequently found on unburied corpses (2001) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 96, pp. 781-784Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in Southeastern Brazil (2001) J. Forensic Sci, 46, pp. 604-608Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Palhares, F.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95, pp. 135-138Caterino, M.S., Cho, S., Sperling, F.A.H., The current state of insect molecular systematics (2000) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 45, pp. 1-54Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 37, pp. 253-272Catts, E.P., Haskell, N.H., (1990) Entomology and death: A procedural guide, p. 182. , USA, Joyce Print ShopDear, J.P., A revision of the New World Chrysomyini (Diptera) (Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool, 3, pp. 109-169Duenas, J.C.R., Panzetta-Dutari, G.M., Blanco, A., Gardenal, C.N., Restriction fragment-length polymorphism of the mtDNA A+T-rich region as a genetic marker in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) (2002) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 95, pp. 352-358Erzinçlioglu, Y.Z., The application of entomology to forensic medicine (1983) Med. Sci. Law, 23, pp. 57-63Greenberg, B., Szyska, M., Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 77, pp. 488-517Harvey, M.L., Dadour, I.R., Gaudieri, S., Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene: Potential for distinction between immature stages of some forensically important fly species (Diptera) in western Australia (2003) Forensic Sci. Int, 131, pp. 134-139Infante, M.E.V., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem. Genet, 33, pp. 737-756Lessinger, A.C., Junqueira, A.C.M., Conte, F.F., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Analysis of a conserved duplicate tRNA gene in the mitochondrial genome of blowflies (2004) Gene, 339, pp. 1-6Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Evolution and structural organisation of the mitochondrial DNA control region of myiasis-causing flies (2000) Med. Vet. Entomol, 14, pp. 71-80Litjens, P., Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Characterization of the screwworm flies Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cochliomyia macellaria by PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial DNA (2001) Med. Vet. Entomol, 15, pp. 183-188Liu, D., Greenberg, B., Immature stages of some flies of forensic importance (1989) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 82, pp. 80-93Lunt, D.H., Zhang, D.X., Szymura, J.M., Hewitt, G.M., The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: Evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies (1996) Insect Mol. Biol, 5, pp. 153-165Malgorn, Y., Coquoz, R., DNA typing for identification of some species of Calliphoridae of interest in forensic entomology (1999) Forensic Sci. Int, 102, pp. 111-119Marchenko, M.I., Medicolegal relevance of cadaver entomofauna for the determination of the time of death (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 89-109Mello, R.P., Chave para identificação das formas adultas das espécies da família Calliphoridae (Díptera, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha) encontradas no Brasil (2003) Entomol. Vect, 10, pp. 255-268Nuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic medicine: A study in trauma and environmental hazards, pp. 1072-1095+1680. , In C.G. Tedeshi, W.G. Eckert & L.G. Tedeshi (eds.), Philadelphia, SaundersOtranto, D., Stevens, J.R., Molecular approaches to the study of myiasis-causing larvae (2002) Int. J. Parasitol, 32, pp. 1345-1360Schroeder, H., Klotzbach, H., Elias, S., Augustin, C., Pueschel, K., Use of PCR-RFLP for differentiation of calliphorid larvae (Diptera, Calliphoridae) on human corpses (2003) Forensic Sci. Int, 132, pp. 76-81Séguy, E., Étude sur quelques Calliphorinés testacés rares ou peu connus (1925) Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat, 31, pp. 439-441Simon, C.F., McIntosh, C., Deniega, J., Standard restriction fragment length analysis of the mitochondrial genome is not sensitive enough for phylogenetic analysis or identification of 17-year periodical cicada broods (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): The potential for a new technique (1993) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 86, pp. 228-238Simon, C.F., Fratti, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 87, pp. 657-701Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A manual of forensic entomology, p. 205. , Trustees of The British Museum National History and Cornell University PressSouza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entomol, 11, pp. 8-12Sperling, F.A.H., Anderson, G.S., Hickey, D.A., A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for post-mortem interval estimation (1994) J. Forensic Sci, 39, pp. 418-427Wallman, J.F., Donnellan, S.C., The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 60-67Wells, J.D., Sperling, F.A.H., DNA-based identification of forensically important Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 110-115Zehner, R., Amendt, J., Schutt, S., Sauer, J., Krettek, R., Povolný, D., Genetic identification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (2004) Int. J. Legal Med, 118, pp. 245-247Zehner, R., Zimmermann, S., Mebs, D., Bratzke, H., RFLP and sequence analysis of the cytochrome b gene of selected animals and man: Methodology and forensic application (1998) Int. J. Legal Med, 111, pp. 323-327Zhang, D.X., Hewitt, G.M., Insect mitochondrial control region: A review of its structure, evolution and usefulness in evolutionary studies (1997) Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 25, pp. 99-12