Semantic segmentation of landcover for cropland mapping and area estimation using Machine Learning techniques

ABSTRACTThe paper has focussed on the global landcover for the identification of cropland areas. Population growth and rapid industrialization are somehow disturbing the agricultural lands and eventually the food production needed for human survival. Appropriate agricultural land monitoring requires proper management of land resources. The paper has proposed a method for cropland mapping by semantic segmentation of landcover to identify the cropland boundaries and estimate the cropland areas using machine learning techniques. The process has initially applied various filters to identify the features responsible for detecting the land boundaries through the edge detection process. The images are masked or annotated to produce the ground truth for the label identification of croplands, rivers, buildings, and backgrounds. The selected features are transferred to a machine learning model for the semantic segmentation process. The methodology has applied Random Forest, which has compared to two other techniques, Support Vector Machine and Multilayer perceptron, for the semantic segmentation process. Our dataset is composed of satellite images collected from the QGIS application. The paper has derived the conclusion that Random forest has given the best result for segmenting the image into different regions with 99% training accuracy and 90% test accuracy. The results are cross-validated by computing the Mean IoU and kappa coefficient that shows 93% and 69% score value respectively for Random Forest, found maximum among all. The paper has also calculated the area covered under the different segmented regions. Overall, Random Forest has produced promising results for semantic segmentation of landcover for cropland mapping

Adjuvant Properties of Thermal Component of Hyperthermia Enhanced Transdermal Immunization: Effect on Dendritic Cells

Hyperthermia enhanced transdermal (HET) immunization is a novel needle free immunization strategy employing application of antigen along with mild local hyperthermia (42°C) to intact skin resulting in detectable antigen specific Ig in serum. In the present study, we investigated the adjuvant effect of thermal component of HET immunization in terms of maturation of dendritic cells and its implication on the quality of the immune outcome in terms of antibody production upon HET immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT). We have shown that in vitro hyperthermia exposure at 42°C for 30 minutes up regulates the surface expression of maturation markers on bone marrow derived DCs. This observation correlated in vivo with an increased and accelerated expression of maturation markers on DCs in the draining lymph node upon HET immunization in mice. This effect was found to be independent of the antigen delivered and depends only on the thermal component of HET immunization. In vitro hyperthermia also led to enhanced capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells in allo MLR and promotes the secretion of IL-10 by BMDCs, suggesting a potential for Th2 skewing of T cell response. HET immunization also induced a systemic T cell response to TT, as suggested by proliferation of splenocytes from immunized animal upon in vitro stimulation by TT. Exposure to heat during primary immunization led to generation of mainly IgG class of antibodies upon boosting, similar to the use of conventional alum adjuvant, thus highlighting the adjuvant potential of heat during HET immunization. Lastly, we have shown that mice immunized by tetanus toxoid using HET route exhibited protection against challenge with a lethal dose of tetanus toxin. Thus, in addition to being a painless, needle free delivery system it also has an immune modulatory potential

Electric field dependence of microwave losses in strontium titanate II

474-476Electric field dependent microwave losses of an anharmonic pure strontium titanate ferroelectric crystal is calculated in its paraelectric phase from the Siverman Joseph Hamilton augmented with fourth order phnon-coordinates using double time Green's functions. The loss tangent consists of a contribution, which is quadratic in applied biasing plus a field independent contribution. The variation of tan δ with applied field is noticeable in the vicinity of the Curie temperature. In the higher temperature region, the electric field effect ceases and the increase in loss arises mainly due to higher order anharmonic terms. In SrTiO3, loss tangent increases with the increasing <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;color:black;mso-ansi-language:="" en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-IN">electric field.</span

Field-dependent sound attenuation in barium titanate, strontium titanate and potassium tantalate type perovskites

701-708<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">A theoretical expression for attenuation constant in para-electric phase is described. Taking electric field as parameter variation of attenuation constant with frequency and temperature is also discussed by considering third and fourth order anharmonic interactions. The attenuation constant increases with increasing temperature and frequency in presence of an electric field. In the vicinity of the Curie temperature, the attenuation constant increases anomalously. The results obtained are compared with the results of others.</span

Field dependent dielectric behaviour of BaTiO₃ SrTiO₃ and KTaO₃ perovskites

673-678The electric field dependence of the complex dielectric constant in anharmonic ferroelectric crystals are calculated in its paraelectric phase from the Silverman-Joseph Hamiltonian augmented with fourth order phonon co-ordinate, using double time Green's functions technique. The frequency, temperature and electric field dependence dielectric constant of BaTiO3 SrTiO3 and KTaO3 crystals have been discussed. Dielectric constant increases with increase of applied field in BaTiO3 SrTiO3 and KTaO3 cases

Electric field dependent microwave loss in BaTiO₃ and KTaO₃

668-672The electric field dependent microwave loss of anharmonic pure BaTiO3 and KTaO3 ferroelectric crystals has been calculated in its paraelectric phase from the Silverman-Joseph Hamiltonian augmented with fourth order phonon coo rdinates using double time Green's functions. The loss tangent consists of a contribution, which is quardratic in applied biasing and is a field independent contribution. The variation of tan δ with applied field is noticeable in the vicinity of Curie temperature. In the higher temperature region, the electric field effect ceases and the increase in loss arises mainly due to higher order anharmonic terms. In both cases (BaTiO3 and KTaO3) loss tangent increases with the increasing electric field