How to systematically classify computer security intrusions

This paper presents a classification of intrusions with respect to the technique as well the result. The taxonomy is intended to be a step on the road to an established taxonomy of intrusions for use in incident reporting, statistics, warning bulletins, intrusion detection systems etc. Unlike previous schemes, it takes the viewpoint of the system owner and should therefore be suitable to a wider community than that of system developers and vendors only. It is based on data from a realistic intrusion experiment, a fact that supports the practical applicability of the scheme. The paper also discusses general aspects of classification, and introduces a concept called dimension. After having made a broad survey of previous work in the field, we decided to base our classification of intrusion techniques on a scheme proposed by Neumann and Parker (1989) and to further refine relevant parts of their scheme. Our classification of intrusion results is derived from the traditional three aspects of computer security: confidentiality, availability and integrit

PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SECURE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET

Mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a temporary network setup for a specific purpose without help of any preexisting infrastructure. The nodes in MANET are empowered to exchange packet using a radio channel. The nodes not in direct reach of each other uses their intermediate nodes to forward packets. (MANET) environment of MANET makes it vulnerable to various network attacks. A common type of attacks targets at the underlying routing protocols. Malicious nodes have opportunities to modify or discard routing information or advertise fake routes to attract user data to go through themselves. Some new routing protocols have been proposed to address the issue of securing routing information. However, a secure routing protocol cannot single-handedly guarantee the secure operation of the network in every situation. The objectives of the paper is to study the performance and effectiveness of some secure routing protocols in these simulated malicious scenarios, including ARIADNE and the Secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol (SAODV)

Reading Abilities and Phonological Skills of Second Grade Children with Three Different Language Histories: Normal, Delayed, and Chronically Delayed

This study was part of the Portland Language Development Project, a longitudinal study of early expressive language delay. Its purpose was twofold. The first was to examine phonological and reading abilities in second grade children with a history of language delay. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between phonological processing abi1ities and reading skills in these children. Second grade children were assigned to one of three groups, based on their history and current Development Sentence Score (DSS) score: (a) normal language (NL), those with more than 50 words at 20-34 months and above the tenth percentile on the DSS; (b) history of delay, but currently normal expressive language (HX), those with fewer than 50 words at 20-34 months and above the tenth percentile on the DSS; and (c) history of delay with continued performance below normal (ELD), those with fewer than 50 words at 20-34 months and below the tenth percentile on the DSS. The children were evaluated by means of the Reading Recognition and Reading Comprehension subtests of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (Dunn & Mackwardt, 1970), three complex phonological production tasks, and the Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test (LAC) (Lindamood & Lindamood, 1979), which assesses phonological awareness. This study compared the reading and phonologica1 scores of the three groups to determine if there are any significant differences. The results showed no significant differences in reading abilities. There were significant differences on the complex phonological task of naming pictures, between the NL and HX group, and there were significant differences on the LAC, between the NL group and the ELD group, and between the HX group and the ELD group. Reading and phonological scores of the children with a history of late talking were correlated, using a regression analysis to determine whether reading recognition and reading comprehension could be predicted from the phonological production and LAC tasks. The LAC was the only variable that correlated with the Reading Recognition or Reading Comprehension subtests. The LAC accounted for 39% of variance of the Reading Recognition score, and 27% of the variance of the Reading Comprehension score

SISTEM PEMASARAN BERAS SUATU SOLUSI PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PETANI DI KALIMANTAN BARAT

Salah satu harapan yang ingin dicapai oleh Pemerintah Kalimantan Barat adalah menjadikan Kabupaten Kubu Raya sebagai “buffer Stock” beras untuk Kalimantan Barat. Petani Kabupaten Kubu Raya, khususnya Desa Sui Itik bermatapencaharian sebagai petani padi. Namun pemasaran beras sampai sekarang masih merupakan persoalan yang sulit dicarikan solusinya oleh petani. Selain itu harga jual masih sangat rendah sehingga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan petani Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana sistem pemasaran padi, khususnya beras, di Desa Sui Itik dan apa solusi yang harus diambil dalam pemasaran beras di desa tersebut. Data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan wawancara dengan petani menggunakan metode pendekatan Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode pendekatan Stratifide Random Sampling dan dianalisis secara diskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan: 1) Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan manajemen pemasaran perlu dilakukan pelatihan manajemen pemasaran ke petani Desa Sui Itik. 2) Sistem dan informasi pasar yang baik sangat berpengaruh nyata terhadap kelancaran pemasaran beras di Desa Sui Itik. 3) Sistem pemasaran beras secara Multi Level Marketing (MLM) diharapkan dapat berkembang karena sistem ini akan memperlancar pemasaran beras di Desa Sui Itik. 4). Kebijakan pemerintah tentang stabilitas harga gabah atau beras berdampak terhadap tingkat pendapatan petani. Kata kunci: pemasaran beras, harga, pendapatan petani

C-peptide and metabolic outcomes in trials of disease modifying therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes: an individual participant meta-analysis

Background Metabolic outcomes in type 1 diabetes remain suboptimal. Disease modifying therapy to prevent β-cell loss presents an alternative treatment framework but the effect on metabolic outcomes is unclear. We, therefore, aimed to define the relationship between insulin C-peptide as a marker of β-cell function and metabolic outcomes in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods 21 trials of disease-modifying interventions within 100 days of type 1 diabetes diagnosis comprising 1315 adults (ie, those 18 years and older) and 1396 children (ie, those younger than 18 years) were combined. Endpoints assessed were stimulated area under the curve C-peptide, HbA1c, insulin use, hypoglycaemic events, and composite scores (such as insulin dose adjusted A1c, total daily insulin, U/kg per day, and BETA-2 score). Positive studies were defined as those meeting their primary endpoint. Differences in outcomes between active and control groups were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank test. Findings 6 months after treatment, a 24·8% greater C-peptide preservation in positive studies was associated with a 0·55% lower HbA1c (p<0·0001), with differences being detectable as early as 3 months. Cross-sectional analysis, combining positive and negative studies, was consistent with this proportionality: a 55% improvement in C-peptide preservation was associated with 0·64% lower HbA1c (p<0·0001). Higher initial C-peptide levels and greater preservation were associated with greater improvement in HbA1c. For HbA1c, IDAAC, and BETA-2 score, sample size predictions indicated that 2–3 times as many participants per group would be required to show a difference at 6 months as compared with C-peptide. Detecting a reduction in hypoglycaemia was affected by reporting methods. Interpretation Interventions that preserve β-cell function are effective at improving metabolic outcomes in new-onset type 1 diabetes, confirming their potential as adjuncts to insulin. We have shown that improvements in HbA1c are directly proportional to the degree of C-peptide preservation, quantifying this relationship, and supporting the use of C-peptides as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials