Att optimera utvecklingen av snabbhet hos fotbollsspelare : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Snabbhet är en viktig komponent inom modern fotboll. En rak sprint är exempelvis det vanligaste utförandet före en målsituation (Faude et al. 2012). Under senare tid har många forskningar gällande utvecklandet av snabbhet utförts. Arbetets syfte är att få en helhetlig bild av hur man optimalt utvecklar snabbhet hos fotbollsspelare. Kunskap om detta kan understöda den finländska fotbollen att fortsätta förbättras. Arbetet har tre forskningsfrågor: 1) Vilka träningsmetoder för snabbhetsträning är forskade? 2) Hur mycket förbättras eller utvecklas egenskapen snabbhet hos elitfotbollsspelare, och med hurudan (tränings)metod? 3) Hur tränar man egenskapen snabbhet optimalt? Denna forskning strävar till att hitta svaren på frågorna genom att använda en systematisk litteraturstudie. Databaser som använts är Academic Search Elite, Cinahl, SportDiscus, ScienceDirect och PubMed. 23 stycken forskningar valdes till arbetet efter en kvalitetsgranskning. På basis av de valda forskningarna kan man konstatera att man inte med säkerhet kan fastslå en enskild optimal träningsmetod, men styrketräning, sprintträning och plyometrisk träning (PT) gav alla liknande, förbättrande, resultat. En kombination av dessa träningsmetoder kan vara att föredra över en enskild, isolerad metod, speciellt när det gäller PT kombinerat med styrketräning (se Brito et al. 2014) men vidare forskning i ämnet skulle behövas för att förstärka det påståendet. Därutöver förbättras prestationsförmågan ifall man utför uppvärmning, som även i vissa fall kan fungera som snabbhetsträning i sig, före en prestation. Uthållighetsträning, däremot, förbättrar inte snabbheten. Det är ändamålsenligt att påbörja snabbhetsträningen i tonåren. Utöver detta, finns det belägg för att träning på cykel potentiellt kan överföras till snabbhet i löpning, men mera forskning behövs för att bekräfta det.Speed is an important part of modern football, e.g. straight sprinting is the most frequent action before a goal (Faude et al. 2012). Many studies have been conducted to examine speed training during recent years. The aim of the present study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to optimise the development of speed in football players. This knowledge could potentially help Finnish football to improve further. The three questions this study will try to answer are: 1) What training methods for speed training have been studied? 2) How much does speed improve or develop, and with what (training) method? 3) How does one optimise the development of speed? In an attempt to answer these questions, this study utilises a systematic review. Databases used in the present study are Academic Search Elite, Cinahl, SportDiscus, ScienceDirect and PubMed. Finally, 23 articles were included after a review of quality. Based on the included articles it is to be concluded that you cannot with utmost certainty establish one specific training method for optimising the development of speed, but rather that strength training, sprint training and plyometric training (PT) all give similar, improving, results. A combination of these training methods could be preferable to a specific, isolated method, especially when it comes to PT combined with strength training (Brito et al. 2014) but more research would be required to strengthen this statement. Furthermore, a warmup before an effort will improve speed performance. The warmup itself can also be used as an additional method for training speed. Endurance training, however, will not improve speed. It is appropriate to begin speed training in the early teens. Beyond this, there are indications that training on a bicycle potentially could transfer into runningspeed, but more research would be needed to affirm it.Nopeus on tärkeä osa nykypäivän jalkapalloa, esimerkiksi suora juoksu on yleisin suoritus ennen maalia (Faude et al. 2012). Viime vuosina on laadittu monta tutkimusta jotka käsittelevät nopeuden kehittymistä. Työn tarkoituksena on saada kokonaiskuva nopeuden kehityksestä jalkapallopelaajilla. Kyseinen tieto aiheesta voisi toimia tukena suomen jalkapallon jatkuvassa kehityksessä. Työllä on kolme tutkimuskysymystä: 1) Mitkä harjoittelumenetelmät nopeusharjoitukselle ovat tutkittuja? 2) Kuinka paljon nopeus parantuu tai kehittyy huippujalkapalloilijoilla, ja millä menetelmällä? 3) Miten harjoitellaan nopeutta optimaalisimmalla tavalla? Tämä tutkimus pyrkii löytämään vastauksen kysymyksiin systemaattisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla. Tässä työssä käytetään tietokantoja Academic Search Elite, Cinahl, SportDiscus, Science Direct ja PubMed. 23 tutkimusta läpäisivät laatutarkastuksen ja sisältyivät kirjallisuuskatsaukseen. Näiden tutkimusten perusteella voimme huomata että emme voi varmuudella todeta yhden menetelmän olevan optimaalisempi kuin muut, mutta voimaharjoittelu, pikajuoksuharjoittelu sekä plyometrinen harjoittelu antoivat samankaltaisia, parantavia, tuloksia. Yhdistelmä menetelmistä voisi olla suotavampi kuin yksittäinen, eristetty menetelmä, erityisesti jos yhdistää plyometrisen harjoittelun voimaharjoitteluun (Brito et al. 2014). Lopulta aihe vaatii lisää tutkimista vahvistaaksemme kyseisen lausunnon. Sen lisäksi lämmittely ennen suoritusta parantaa suorituskykyä nopeudessa, joka myös joissain tapauksissa voi toimia nopeusharjoituksena itsessäänkin. Kestävyysharjoittelu, toisaalta, ei paranna nopeutta. Nopeusharjoittelu tulisi aloittaa teini-iässä. Tämän lisäksi on löydetty viittauksia nopeuden harjoittelemisen pyörällä pitävän parantavia vaikutuksia juoksunopeuteen. Lopulta tämäkin väite vaatisi lisää tutkimista voidaksemme todistaa sen varmaksi

The number crunching business partner : A case study on the role of the controller

Most recent research show that the role of the modern controller has changed from thetraditional bean counter towards a business partner role. However, all literature does notagree with this notion, claiming that the controller is still more of a bean counter. Further,what it actually means to be a business partner also differs between researchers. The rolechange has also brought several new challenges for the controller. The purpose of this studyis to examine what it means to be a controller at a consultancy company in the IT industry,and what challenges and opportunities exist for business partnering. This is achieved usingcase study as the research design, including qualitative data from interviews of ten controllersof different seniority. The findings are analyzed through a theoretical framework consistingof role theory combined with previous literature on the topic. The findings of the study showthat the role of the controller at the case company shared more similarities with the traditionaldescription of a bean counter than a business partner. While more elements of businesspartnering started to appear as seniority increases, the controllers still felt like they weredoing too much bean counting activities. However, some opportunities for businesspartnering were still found at the company. The study suggests four major challengescontributing to role issues and hindering the controllers from becoming business partners.The four challenges are related to (1) lack of adaptation to new technology, (2) a centralizedorganizational structure, (3) the interplay between financial and business departments, and (4)accountability issues

Vad motiverar eliten? : En kvalitativ studie om monetär ersättning som statussymbol

Studien har undersökt vad som motiverar eliten inom svenskt näringsliv. Syftet med denna uppsats var att beskriva och skapa förståelse för vad som motiverade eliten att prestera och utvecklas. Avsikten var att förstå om det kunde finnas andra orsaker till strävan efter större monetär ersättning än själva behovet av ersättningen. Som grund för studien har teorier använts inom styrning av individer i organisationer tillsammans med teori om makt och status till följd av ekonomisk ställning. Det empiriska materialet bestod av kvalitativa intervjuer med VD:ar på fyra större svenska företag, där fokus låg på vad som motiverade personer på toppositioner inom sin yrkeskategori. En slutsats av studien var att arbetet i sig var den främsta motivationsfaktorn hos intervjupersonerna, följt av ens prestation på arbetet och att få erkännande genom bekräftelse. Att ha makt att påverka det företag intervjupersonerna ledde ansågs även vara motiverande. Däremot att monetär ersättning skulle vara drivande var inget som lyftes fram i studien, men det visade sig ändå vara grundpelaren för att få den ekonomiska eliten att bli motiverade till själva arbetet. För vidare forskning föreslogs en kvantitativ studie för att kunna dra bredare slutsatser, alternativt observera eliten i syfte att studera fenomenet status

The number crunching business partner : A case study on the role of the controller

Most recent research show that the role of the modern controller has changed from thetraditional bean counter towards a business partner role. However, all literature does notagree with this notion, claiming that the controller is still more of a bean counter. Further,what it actually means to be a business partner also differs between researchers. The rolechange has also brought several new challenges for the controller. The purpose of this studyis to examine what it means to be a controller at a consultancy company in the IT industry,and what challenges and opportunities exist for business partnering. This is achieved usingcase study as the research design, including qualitative data from interviews of ten controllersof different seniority. The findings are analyzed through a theoretical framework consistingof role theory combined with previous literature on the topic. The findings of the study showthat the role of the controller at the case company shared more similarities with the traditionaldescription of a bean counter than a business partner. While more elements of businesspartnering started to appear as seniority increases, the controllers still felt like they weredoing too much bean counting activities. However, some opportunities for businesspartnering were still found at the company. The study suggests four major challengescontributing to role issues and hindering the controllers from becoming business partners.The four challenges are related to (1) lack of adaptation to new technology, (2) a centralizedorganizational structure, (3) the interplay between financial and business departments, and (4)accountability issues

Virtual Team Management & Organisational Identification : A Mixed Method Study

The rapid development of information technology has enabled the use of virtual teams, which are teams whose members use IT to coordinate their activities from a dispersed setting. The phenomenon of virtual teams raises questions regarding issues related to this type of work, i.e. organisational identification and other problems related to virtual work. We have investigated how to best manage these teams in order for managers to be successful in the virtual environment by studying the advantages and disadvantages as well as success factors. The study has used a mixed methodology, where we have interviewed 8 managers that are active in virtual work and we have also conducted a survey to investigate how members of virtual teams perceives issues of organisational identification and issues related to virtual work. One of the most important findings of this study is that there was a positive relationship between level of organisational identification and level of virtuality, member involvement, and previous experience. The strongest predictor for organisational identification was although the level of member involvement. We can conclude that the main advantages of virtual work were cost reduction and the access to competence. The main disadvantage of virtual work was identified as lack of interpersonal relations in the workplace. Other disadvantages were found as unorganised meetings, unprioritised work as well as technological issues. The most important success factors were found to be Clear roles and Responsibilities, Pre-agreement/time plan, Defined Strategies. These three factors could be summarised as "What needs to be done, when and by who‟. Moreover, clear and distinct communication within the team in order to avoid misunderstandings, followed by User-friendly technology and to have previous experience of technology used was also identified as important factors in virtual work. Other success factors identified was the use of Face-to-Face meetings

Hur kan man främja sömnen hos unga vuxna i åldern 16–20 i olika miljöer: En systematisk litteraturstudie

Arbetets syfte var att sammanställa forskning om sömn och hur det kan främjas bland unga vuxna i ålder 16–20. I arbetet fokuserades det på hur skolan, fritiden och hemmiljön kan främja ungdomars sömn. Som metod använde vi en systematisk litteraturstudie som innehåller 18 studier. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av GRADE och AMSTAR ramverk. Arbetet utgår från ett hälsofrämjande och salutogent perspektiv. Studierna besvarade på två forskningsfrågor: Hur kan hemmiljön och fritiden främja sömnen? Hur kan skolmiljön främja sömnen? Evidensen för vårt arbete är måttligt på grund av bristande studier med hög evidens. Generaliserbarheten och reliabiliteten kan tolkas vara fördelar i arbetet. Resultaten påpekar att skolstarttiden har en signifikant betydelse på ungdomars sömn, samt mängden av skärmtid och internetanvändning per dag kan anses ha en negativ effekt på sömnen. Regelbunden motion av någon form samt strävan av fysisk aktivitet en timme per dag främjar att uppnå en adekvat mängd av sömn. Individens och familjens sömnvanor, samt hälsobeteende och dagliga rutiner kan ha en positiv inverkan på ungdomarnas sömn. Som fysioterapeuter är ungdomarnas sömn en viktig faktor när man planerar fysioterapi för individen. Fysioterapeuter kan samarbeta till exempel med idrottsföreningar med att få de senaste rekommendationer samt bästa kunskap om sömn. Fysioterapeuten kan som sakkunnig också hålla föreläsningar eller workshops för ungdomarna, skolanstalterna, familjemedlemmarna och övriga personer i närmiljön av ungdomar. Folkhälsan är beställare för detta arbete

Virtual Team Management & Organisational Identification : A Mixed Method Study

The rapid development of information technology has enabled the use of virtual teams, which are teams whose members use IT to coordinate their activities from a dispersed setting. The phenomenon of virtual teams raises questions regarding issues related to this type of work, i.e. organisational identification and other problems related to virtual work. We have investigated how to best manage these teams in order for managers to be successful in the virtual environment by studying the advantages and disadvantages as well as success factors. The study has used a mixed methodology, where we have interviewed 8 managers that are active in virtual work and we have also conducted a survey to investigate how members of virtual teams perceives issues of organisational identification and issues related to virtual work. One of the most important findings of this study is that there was a positive relationship between level of organisational identification and level of virtuality, member involvement, and previous experience. The strongest predictor for organisational identification was although the level of member involvement. We can conclude that the main advantages of virtual work were cost reduction and the access to competence. The main disadvantage of virtual work was identified as lack of interpersonal relations in the workplace. Other disadvantages were found as unorganised meetings, unprioritised work as well as technological issues. The most important success factors were found to be Clear roles and Responsibilities, Pre-agreement/time plan, Defined Strategies. These three factors could be summarised as "What needs to be done, when and by who‟. Moreover, clear and distinct communication within the team in order to avoid misunderstandings, followed by User-friendly technology and to have previous experience of technology used was also identified as important factors in virtual work. Other success factors identified was the use of Face-to-Face meetings

The number crunching business partner : A case study on the role of the controller

Most recent research show that the role of the modern controller has changed from thetraditional bean counter towards a business partner role. However, all literature does notagree with this notion, claiming that the controller is still more of a bean counter. Further,what it actually means to be a business partner also differs between researchers. The rolechange has also brought several new challenges for the controller. The purpose of this studyis to examine what it means to be a controller at a consultancy company in the IT industry,and what challenges and opportunities exist for business partnering. This is achieved usingcase study as the research design, including qualitative data from interviews of ten controllersof different seniority. The findings are analyzed through a theoretical framework consistingof role theory combined with previous literature on the topic. The findings of the study showthat the role of the controller at the case company shared more similarities with the traditionaldescription of a bean counter than a business partner. While more elements of businesspartnering started to appear as seniority increases, the controllers still felt like they weredoing too much bean counting activities. However, some opportunities for businesspartnering were still found at the company. The study suggests four major challengescontributing to role issues and hindering the controllers from becoming business partners.The four challenges are related to (1) lack of adaptation to new technology, (2) a centralizedorganizational structure, (3) the interplay between financial and business departments, and (4)accountability issues