What is Java binary compatibility?

Separate compilation allows the decomposition of programs into units that may be compiled separately, and linked into an executable. Traditionally, separate compilation was equivalent to the compilation of all units together, and modi cation and re-compilation of one unit required re-compilation of all importing units. Java suggests a more exible framework, in which the linker checks the integrity of the binaries to be combined. Certain source code modi cations, such asaddition of methods to classes, are de ned as binary compatible. The language description guarantees that binaries of types (i.e. classes or interfaces) modi ed in binary compatible ways may be re-compiled and linked with the binaries of types that imported and were compiled using the earlier versions of the modi ed types. However, this is not always the case: some of the changes considered by Java as binary compatible do not guarantee successful linking and execution. In this paper we study the concepts around binary compatibility. We suggest a formalization of the requirement of safe linking and execution without re-compilation, investigate alternatives, demonstrate several of its properties, and propose a more restricted de nition of binary compatible changes. Finally, we prove for a substantial subset of Java, that this restricted de nition guarantees error-free linking and execution.

A Real-Time PCR Antibiogram for Drug-Resistant Sepsis

Current molecular diagnostic techniques for susceptibility testing of septicemia rely on genotyping for the presence of known resistance cassettes. This technique is intrinsically vulnerable due to the inability to detect newly emergent resistance genes. Traditional phenotypic susceptibility testing has always been a superior method to assay for resistance; however, relying on the multi-day growth period to determine which antimicrobial to administer jeopardizes patient survival. These factors have resulted in the widespread and deleterious use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The real-time PCR antibiogram, described herein, combines universal phenotypic susceptibility testing with the rapid diagnostic capabilities of PCR. We have developed a procedure that determines susceptibility by monitoring pathogenic load with the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene in blood samples exposed to different antimicrobial drugs. The optimized protocol removes heme and human background DNA from blood, which allows standard real-time PCR detection systems to be employed with high sensitivity (<100 CFU/mL). Three strains of E. coli, two of which were antimicrobial resistant, were spiked into whole blood and exposed to three different antibiotics. After real-time PCR-based determination of pathogenic load, a ΔCt<3.0 between untreated and treated samples was found to indicate antimicrobial resistance (P<0.01). Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for susceptible bacteria and pan-bacterial detection was demonstrated with 3 Gram-negative and 2 Gram-positive bacteria. Species identification was performed via analysis of the hypervariable amplicons. In summary, we have developed a universal diagnostic phenotyping technique that assays for the susceptibility of drug-resistant septicemia with the speed of PCR. The real-time PCR antibiogram achieves detection, susceptibility testing, minimum inhibitory concentration determination, and identification in less than 24 hours

Consumers’ evaluation of allocation policies for scarce health care services: Vested interest activation trumps spatial and temporal distance

The allocation of scarce health care service resources often requires trade-offs between individual and collective outcomes (e.g., when some individuals benefit more strongly from a given policy th

Från fest till coronatest : En kvantitativ studie om hur studenters inställning ser ut till resandet under en pandemi.

The corona virus evolved into a worldwide pandemic and is still going on upuntil the start of year 2021. The corona pandemic has changed a lot ofpeoples opinion and their attitudes towards travelling. In our research a lot ofstudents had travelled nationally during the pandemic at the same time theytended to not feel safe while doing so. The opinion towards the vaccine thatcame out late December 2020 and early January 2021 has had differentperceptions person to person. No signals for a fast recovery for the tourismindustry looks curtain. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish students attitudetowards travelling looks during a pandemic - more specified towards theongoing corona pandemic. Focusing on different kind of factors in thetourism industry that does have a large impact, but also on how students tendto act with connection to travelling. What kind of factors students take intoconsideration and why, during the ongoing pandemic. The study has given insight that there is still a big interest from students totravel, even though there is a fear and disturbance within the society. Thestudy also shows that there has been a change in travel behaviour based onthe pandemic during 2020. The change in travel behaviour may affect thefuture of travelling and the tourism industry as a whole

Argonne National Laboratory Reports

Tutorial description of the Warren machine with a basic introduction to the motivation of the machine and the instructions that define it. Discussion of the fairly limited extensions required to extend the machine for more general use outside of implementations of logic programming. Substantial speedups will occur due to improvements in the implementation of the basic algorithms