Pitkäaikaiset ilmastonvaihtelut Lapin mäntykronologioiden mukaan.

Tieteen tori: Ilmastonmuutos ja kasvunvaihtel

Joukkolainat osana suomalaisyritysten rahoitusrakennetta

Siirretty Doriast

Intraocular Lens Power, Myopia, and the Risk of Nd:YAG Capsulotomy after 15,375 Cataract Surgeries

The present study estimated the 5-year cumulative probability of Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy according to the diopter power of implanted hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs). Data were retrospectively collected of 15,375 eyes having cataract surgery and in-the-bag implantation of hydrophobic acrylic monofocal IOLs at the Ophthalmology Unit of Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland between the years 2007 and 2016. The cumulative probability of Nd:YAG capsulotomy was calculated by Kaplan–Meier estimates, and potential risk factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The 5-year cumulative probability of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after cataract surgery was 27.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.9–32.6%) for low-diopter (5–16.5 D) IOLs, 14.6% (13.8–15.5%) for mid-diopter (17–24.5 D) IOLs, and 13.6% (11.7–15.6%) for high-diopter (25–30 D) IOLs. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that low-diopter IOLs (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.38–2.25; p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy compared to mid-diopter IOLs over the follow-up period after accounting for other predictors. Real-world evidence shows that low-diopter IOLs are associated with significantly higher risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy within five years following implantation. Estimation should help in evaluating the risks of cataract surgery in myopic eyes

Intraocular Lens Power, Myopia, and the Risk of Nd:YAG Capsulotomy after 15,375 Cataract Surgeries

The present study estimated the 5-year cumulative probability of Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy according to the diopter power of implanted hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs). Data were retrospectively collected of 15,375 eyes having cataract surgery and in-the-bag implantation of hydrophobic acrylic monofocal IOLs at the Ophthalmology Unit of Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland between the years 2007 and 2016. The cumulative probability of Nd:YAG capsulotomy was calculated by Kaplan–Meier estimates, and potential risk factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The 5-year cumulative probability of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after cataract surgery was 27.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.9–32.6%) for low-diopter (5–16.5 D) IOLs, 14.6% (13.8–15.5%) for mid-diopter (17–24.5 D) IOLs, and 13.6% (11.7–15.6%) for high-diopter (25–30 D) IOLs. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that low-diopter IOLs (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.38–2.25; p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy compared to mid-diopter IOLs over the follow-up period after accounting for other predictors. Real-world evidence shows that low-diopter IOLs are associated with significantly higher risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy within five years following implantation. Estimation should help in evaluating the risks of cataract surgery in myopic eyes

Poor glycemic control as a risk factor for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema in patients with diabetes

Purpose: To specify the risk factors for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME) in patients with diabetes. Setting: Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Unit of Ophthalmology, Kotka, Finland. Design: Prospective case series. Methods: Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes having routine cataract surgery were evaluated. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging was performed before surgery and 1 month postoperatively. Results: The study comprised 93 patients (95 eyes). The central retinal thickness increase was 9.7 mu m 1.7 (SEM) in diabetic patients with no retinopathy, 22.7 +/- 8.6 mu m in those who had nonproliferative retinopathy, and 73.8 +/- 37.4 mu m in those who had proliferative retinopathy (P Conclusions: Young patient age and poor glycemic control were risk factors for postoperative central retinal thickness increase. This study showed it is necessary to identify, effectively treat, and followup with patients with diabetes who are at a greater risk for pseudophakic CME. (C) 2017 ASCRS and ESCRSPeer reviewe

What do experts and stakeholders think about chemical risks and uncertainties? – An Internet survey

This report presents results from a web-based explorative survey on integrated risk assessment. The survey was conducted in the EU-funded project NoMiracle (Novel Methods for Risk Assessment of Cumulative Stressors in Europe) which develops methods for assessing cumulative risks from combined exposures to multiple stressors. The objectives of the survey were to give a general picture of perceptions and views among experts and stakeholders concerning risks, risk assessment and risk management. The survey focused on chemicals with an emphasis on information related to complex risks and uncertainties in a management context. The methodology of the survey combined traditional multiple choice questions and a novel approach that charted the importance of different types of information in two-dimensional graphs describing simultaneously use in regulatory procedures and public discussion. Another part was linked to new methods of presenting risks and explored the ranking of separate and cumulative risks in map grids. The survey was e-mailed to 952 recipients representing researchers, national and EU level administrators, enterprises, NGOs and international organizations, and most EU member states and some other countries. The response rate (26 %) can be considered acceptable but limits the possibilities to make quantitative claims concerning the views held by different groups although it gives an overview of the types of views one encounter among experts. A key finding was the pronounced variability of concepts and views regarding risks and uncertainties, and regarding information and knowledge about these. Opinions on risks and risk assessment, particularly on integrated risk assessment, on related principles, and on the role of experts are genuinely variable. They cannot be reduced to any simple model, and cannot (and need not) be dispelled in a forced manner. The observations should be taken into account in the development and application of novel methods for risk assessment by ensuring the transparency of the methods and by communication between actors

Ympäristön tila Suomessa 2013

Tämä julkaisu on tiivis yleistajuinen katsaus Suomen ympäristön tilaan vuonna 2013. Siihen on koottu tärkeimpiä indikaattoreita, joiden perusteella voi arvioida Suomen ympäristön tilaa, sen kehityssuuntia ja suojelutoimien riittävyyttä. Indikaattorit edustavat kahdeksaa eri teemaa: Luonnonvarat, Ilmastonmuutos ja energia, Yhdyskuntarakenne, Ilman epäpuhtaudet, Makea vesi ja meri, Luonnon monimuotoisuus, Kemikaalit ja haitalliset aineet sekä Vihreä talous. Moni julkaisun indikaattoreista osoittaa, että Suomen ympäristön tila on menossa parempaan suuntaan. Esimerkiksi päästöt ilmaan ja vesiin ovat vähentyneet selvästi viime vuosikymmeninä. Monet kuormitukselle asetetuista tavoitteista on joko jo saavutettu tai saavuttaminen vaikuttaa mahdolliselta tavoitevuoteen mennessä. Myönteistä kuvaa synkentää se, että kaikkein vakavimmat ongelmat – ilmastonmuutos ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden väheneminen – ovat yhä ratkaisematta. Näiden osalta on myös suurimmat ongelmat tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Suomen luonnon köyhtymisen pysäyttäminen on ollut pyrkimyksenä jo useana vuotena, mutta toistaiseksi tavoitetta on aina jouduttu siirtämään eteenpäin. Ilmastonmuutokseen liittyen tavoitteena on ollut, että maapallon keskilämpötila nousisi korkeintaan kaksi astetta vuoteen 2100 mennessä. Nykyisillä toimilla tämän tavoitteen saavuttaminen vaikuttaa mahdottomalta. Viime vuosina ympäristön tilaan on vaikuttanut vuonna 2008 alkanut talouskriisien jatkumo. Vaikutukset ovat olleet sekä myönteisiä että kielteisiä; samalla kun taantuma on vähentänyt luonnonvarojen käyttöä ja muuta ympäristön kuormitusta, se on myös hidastanut monia ympäristöpolitiikan prosesseja, kuten kansainvälistä ilmastonsuojelua. Euroopan unionin ympäristötietodirektiivi velvoittaa jäsenmaat tarjoamaan kansalaisille tietoa ympäristön tilasta. Tämä julkaisu on osa tuon velvoitteen täyttämistä.Den här publikationen är en kompakt översikt över miljöns tillstånd i Finland 2013. Den består av en mängd indikatorer, med hjälp av vilka var och en kan bedöma miljöns tillstånd, trender och effekten av miljöskyddsåtgärder. Indikatorerna representerar åtta olika teman: Naturresurser, Klimatförändring och energi, Samhällsstruktur, Luftföroreningar, Sötvatten och havet, Naturens mångfald, Kemikalier och skadliga ämnen samt Grön ekonomi. Flera av indikatorerna visar, att miljöns tillstånd i Finland är på väg mot en positiv riktning. Till exempel utsläppen i luft och vatten har minskat betydligt under de senaste årtionden. Många mål som man ställt till förminskningar av miljöbelastningar har antingen redan nåtts eller det verkar fullt möjligt att nå dem vid de målsatta åren. Den positiva bilden skyms av det faktum att de allvarligaste problemen – klimatförändringen och förlusten av biologisk mångfald – är fortfarande olösta. Med dem har man också de största svårigheterna att nå tillsätta miljömål. I flera år har man strävat efter att stoppa utarmningen av den finska naturen, men tillsvidare har man varit tvungen att alltid skjuta upp på den målsättningen. Angående klimatförändringen har man fastställt som ett globalt mål, att jordens medeltemperatur inte borde få stiga mer än två grader fram till år 2100. Den målsättningen verkar omöjlig att nå med nuvarande insatser. Under de senaste åren har miljöns tillstånd påverkats av den ekonomiska krisen. Effekterna har varit både positiva och negativa. Å ena sidan har lågkonjunkturen minskat användningen av naturresurser och annan belastning av miljön. Å andra sidan har den bromsat på ett antal miljöpolitiska processer, såsom det internationella klimatskyddet. EU:s medlemsstater är enligt miljödirektiven förpliktade att erbjuda sina medborgare information om miljöns tillstånd. Den här publikationen är en del av denna uppgörelse.This publication is a compact review of the state of the environment in Finland 2013. It brings together the most important indicators, which can be used to assess the state of the Finnish environment, reveal trends and evaluate the effectiveness of actions taken. The indicators represent eight different themes: Natural resources, Climate change and energy, Urban form, Air pollutants, Fresh waters and the sea, Biodiversity, Chemicals and hazardous substances and Green economy. Many of the presented indicators show that the state of the environment in Finland is improving. Emissions into the air and water have clearly reduced over the last few decades. Many goals set for environmental pressures have either already been met or it seems likely that the pursued reductions can be achieved by the targeted years. However, some environmental status indicators show a worrying trend with the most severe problems – climate change and loss of biodiversity – remaining unsolved. For these, there also appear to be the most difficulties in achieving goals. Halting the loss of biodiversity has been a set target in Finland for several years, but so far the goal has always been necessary to move forward. On climate change, a common aim is to restrict the increase of the global temperature to a maximum of two degrees by 2100. With existing policies, it seems almost impossible to achieve this limitation. In recent years, the state of the environment has been affected by the economic crisis starting in 2008. The effects have been both positive and negative; on one hand the recession has reduced the use of natural resources and other environmental pressures, on the other hand it has also slowed down a number of environmental policy processes, such as the international climate protection. European Union Environmental Information Directive requires member states to provide the public with information of the state of the environment. This publication is part of that settlement