Associations between students bystander behavior and individual and classroom collective moral disengagement

This study examined whether students' bystander behaviours in peer victimisation were associated with individual (IMD) and classroom collective moral disengagement (CMD). Self-report survey data we..

Collective moral disengagement and its associations with bullying perpetration and victimization in students

The aim of the current study was to examine whether collective moral disengagement in the classroom was associated with bullying perpetration and victimisation. One-thousand-and-fifty-four students..

A novel approach to model cumulative stress:Area under the s-factor curve

OBJECTIVE: Using a large longitudinal sample of adults from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, the present study extended a recently developed hierarchical model to determine how best to model the accumulation of stressors, and to determine whether the rate of change in stressors or traditional composite scores of stressors are stronger predictors of health outcomes.METHOD: We used factor analysis to estimate a stress-factor score and then, to operationalize the accumulation of stressors we examined five approaches to aggregating information about repeated exposures to multiple stressors. The predictive validity of these approaches was then assessed in relation to different health outcomes.RESULTS: The prediction of chronic conditions, body mass index, difficulty with activities of daily living, executive function, and episodic memory later in life was strongest when the accumulation of stressors was modeled using total area under the curve (AUC) of estimated factor scores, compared to composite scores that have traditionally been used in studies of cumulative stress, as well as linear rates of change.CONCLUSIONS: Like endogenous, biological markers of stress reactivity, AUC for individual trajectories of self-reported stressors shows promise as a data reduction technique to model the accumulation of stressors in longitudinal studies. Overall, our results indicate that considering different quantitative models is critical to understanding the sequelae and predictive power of psychosocial stressors from midlife to late adulthood.</p

It Runs in the Family: Testing for Longitudinal Family Flynn Effects

The Flynn effect refers to increases over time in measured (particularly fluid) intelligence of approximately 3 IQ points per decade. We define the Flynn effect at the family level, using longitudinal data and two new family-level cohort definitions. Multilevel growth curve analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data showed that children in families with later-born mothers had higher average PIAT math scores, and lower average reading comprehension scores and growth, in young and middle childhood. Children in families where the first child was born later had higher average PIAT math, reading recognition, and reading comprehension scores, as well as larger developmental growth. The latter family-level Flynn effects were of higher magnitudes than the usual individual-level Flynn effect found in previous studies. Our results, showing family level-intercept and slope Flynn effects for both maternal birthyear and first child birthyear, have implications for research aiming to explain the Flynn effect

Riskfyllda beslut? : Skolnedläggelsers avtryck i kommunala valresultat

I diskussioner med kommunföreträdare framkommer ofta berättelser och farhågor kopplade till kommunala skolnedläggelser. Det finns en allmän uppfattning om att skolnedläggelser ofta utvecklas till besvärliga situationer som inte sällan påverkar det styrande partiets resultat negativt i det efterkommande valet till kommunfullmäktige. Vi har därför studerat valresultaten från valen till kommunfullmäktige 2006 och 2010 i 46 av det Nationella kommunforskningsprogrammets 47 medlemskommuner (Stockholm är inte med i materialet). Vi har jämfört valresultaten för det styrande partiet (det parti som innehar kommunstyrelseordförandeposten) samt det största oppositionspartiet i de kommuner som lagt ner åtminstone en grundskola under de aktuella mandatperioderna med valresultaten i de kommuner som inte har lagt ner några grundskolor. De genomsnittliga förändringarna i valresultaten i de kommuner som lagt ner skolor skiljer sig inte från de kommuner som inte lagt ner någon skola. Det finns heller inga statistiska belägg i studien för att det spelar någon roll om beslut om skolnedläggelser fattas tidigt eller sent under en mandatperiod; om skolan ligger i tätort eller på landsbygden; om kommunen är stor eller liten samt om det är en eller flera skolor som läggs ner. Trots att det är betydligt vanligare att socialdemokratiska styren tar beslut om skolnedläggelser än borgerliga styren finns det heller inget som tyder på att partifärgen spelar någon roll för relation mellan beslut om nedläggelse och valresultat. De här slutsatserna avspeglas även i att andelen maktskiften t. o. m. är lägre i kommuner som lagt ner skolor än i de som inte lagt ner några skolor. Istället stödjer studien tidigare forskning som pekar på att förändringar i nationella väljaropinioner, såsom uttryckt i resultaten i riksdagsvalet, har stor påverkan på valen till kommunfullmäktigen samt att enskilda sakfrågor från den gångna mandatperioden sällan gör några stora avtryck i de efterkommande valresultaten.Nationella kommunforskningsprogramme

Riskfyllda beslut? : Skolnedläggelsers avtryck i kommunala valresultat

I diskussioner med kommunföreträdare framkommer ofta berättelser och farhågor kopplade till kommunala skolnedläggelser. Det finns en allmän uppfattning om att skolnedläggelser ofta utvecklas till besvärliga situationer som inte sällan påverkar det styrande partiets resultat negativt i det efterkommande valet till kommunfullmäktige. Vi har därför studerat valresultaten från valen till kommunfullmäktige 2006 och 2010 i 46 av det Nationella kommunforskningsprogrammets 47 medlemskommuner (Stockholm är inte med i materialet). Vi har jämfört valresultaten för det styrande partiet (det parti som innehar kommunstyrelseordförandeposten) samt det största oppositionspartiet i de kommuner som lagt ner åtminstone en grundskola under de aktuella mandatperioderna med valresultaten i de kommuner som inte har lagt ner några grundskolor. De genomsnittliga förändringarna i valresultaten i de kommuner som lagt ner skolor skiljer sig inte från de kommuner som inte lagt ner någon skola. Det finns heller inga statistiska belägg i studien för att det spelar någon roll om beslut om skolnedläggelser fattas tidigt eller sent under en mandatperiod; om skolan ligger i tätort eller på landsbygden; om kommunen är stor eller liten samt om det är en eller flera skolor som läggs ner. Trots att det är betydligt vanligare att socialdemokratiska styren tar beslut om skolnedläggelser än borgerliga styren finns det heller inget som tyder på att partifärgen spelar någon roll för relation mellan beslut om nedläggelse och valresultat. De här slutsatserna avspeglas även i att andelen maktskiften t. o. m. är lägre i kommuner som lagt ner skolor än i de som inte lagt ner några skolor. Istället stödjer studien tidigare forskning som pekar på att förändringar i nationella väljaropinioner, såsom uttryckt i resultaten i riksdagsvalet, har stor påverkan på valen till kommunfullmäktigen samt att enskilda sakfrågor från den gångna mandatperioden sällan gör några stora avtryck i de efterkommande valresultaten.Nationella kommunforskningsprogramme

Bullying and its association with altruism toward victims, blaming the victims, and classroom prevalence of bystander behaviors : a multilevel analysis

With reference to social-ecological, self-determination, attributional, and social cognitive theories, the current study examined whether gender, age, altruistic motivation to defend victims, and tendency to blame the victims, at the individual level, and the prevalence of reinforcing and defending, at the classroom level, were associated with bullying. A sample of 901 Swedish students (9-13years old, M=11.00, SD=.83) from 43 classrooms filled out a questionnaire. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that the perpetration of bullying was positively associated with the prevalence of reinforcing at the classroom level and blaming the victims at the individual level, whereas it was negatively associated with altruistic motivation to defend victims of bullying at the individual level. Furthermore, students with high altruistic motivation to defend victims of bullying were less inclined to bully, independent of the classroom level of reinforcing. The current study suggests that bullying prevention and intervention programs should: explicitly target bystander behaviors, in particular to reduce the prevalence of reinforcing bullying; include efforts to strengthen altruistic self-concept and motivation to defend victims; and prevent, challenge, and counteract tendencies among students to blame the victim.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [D0775301]</p

Minimax optimality and the trinomial spike model

Minimaxdesign - konstruktion, effektivitetsjämförelser och praktiska tillämpninga

Authoritative classroom climate and its relations to bullying victimization and bystander behaviors

Authoritative school climates have been associated with less school bullying and other antisocial behaviors. However, studies focusing on the classroom level, as well as on bystander behaviors, are lacking. The aim of the current study was to examine whether authoritative classroom climates were associated with bullying victimization and various bystander behaviors (reinforcer, outsider, and defender behaviors) in school bullying. We included gender as a covariate at the individual and classroom levels. Participants were 1540 5th-grade students (824 girls) from 104 classrooms in Sweden who completed a questionnaire. The findings revealed that girls and students in classes with greater authoritative classroom climates were more inclined to defend. Boys reinforced more as did students in classes with more boys and more authoritative classroom climates. Boys showed more outsider behaviors as did students in classes with less authoritative classroom climates. Students in classrooms with less authoritative climates were victimized to a higher degree. Thus, the current findings suggest that a warm, caring, supportive, controlled, demanding, and cohesive classroom climate should be considered a vital protective factor against bullying victimization and negative bystander responses, and a facilitator of defending and supporting victims

Individual and Classroom Social-Cognitive Processes in Bullying: A Short-Term Longitudinal Multilevel Study

The aim of this study was to examine whether individual and classroom collective social-cognitive processes (moral disengagement and self-efficacy) were associated with bullying perpetration among schoolchildren. An additional aim was to examine whether changes in these processes from grade 4 (Time 1) to grade 5 (Time 2) were associated with a change in bullying perpetration. Self-reported survey data were collected from 1,250 Swedish students from 98 classrooms. Results of multilevel analysis indicated that individual and classroom collective moral disengagement (CMD) were positively associated with bullying, and defender self-efficacy (DSE) was negatively associated with bullying. The effect of changes in individual moral disengagement on changes in bullying was positive, and the effects of changes in DSE and classroom collective efficacy on changes in bullying were negative. Thus, the findings demonstrate the changeability of moral disengagement, DSE and collective efficacy over time, and how these changes are linked to changes in bullying perpetration.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet) [D0775301]</p