Water governance at Loch Leven, Scotland

Loch Leven has supplied water to downstream industry since the early 1700s. The water is used as a source of power generation, for cooling, or in the manufacturing processes themselves (Munro, 1994). By the 1820s, there were 40 such industries downstream of the loch. These included corn mills, sawmills, paper mills, textile mills and bleaching fields. As these industries expanded, water shortages started to occur, especially during the summer months. It was, therefore, concluded that the water discharged from the loch needed to be managed more effectively to support the growth of these industries, and the jobs and income that they provided for the local community

The leadership characteristics registered nurses perceive as important in their clinical nurses

Limited research exists about the leadership attributes registered nurses (RNs) want from their clinical nurses (CNs). This study explored the leadership attributes Western Australian RNs considered important in CNs and determine if there were differences in the choice of preferred CN attributes according to RNs years of experience; types of nursing education; level of seniority and nursing specialty. A modified version of the Emerging Workforce\u27s Preference Survey was distributed to 403 RNs with a 30% response rate. The respondents ranked their top three preferences from 4 clusters of traits. S.P.S.S. 15.0 was used to summarise demographic data and then analyse data from the 4 clusters of traits for the main group. Cross tabulations identified between group variations. The RNs wanted CNs to be clinically competent, approachable and supportive; to show understanding and integrity whilst being team players and good communicators. The between groups analysis revealed similar patterns. However, RNs with \u3e5years nursing experience also wanted their CNs to show respect for subordinates while those with mentoring as an important quality for a CN to possess. Hospital-diploma educated RNs most preferred the attributes of motivator of others; respect for subordinates, and integrity; whilst university educated RNs chose team player, followed by calm and understanding. RNs educated via hospital diploma then university favoured the attribute of motivated. RNs employed as Level 1 nurses chose similar attitudes to Level 2 RNs although the former selected the intrinsic quality of understanding while Level 2 RNs preferred dependable. Unlike the main group, RNs in peri-operative and critical care units favoured the personal attribute receptive to people and ideas while nurses employed in management preferred the intrinsic quality of intelligent. Some respondents commented on the negative effect that heavy workloads have on CNs\u27 performance. Others mentioned that RNs are not prepared for the CN role. Competent CNs create a positive work environment which aids staff retention and improves morale. If CNs are to be effective first-line leaders, employers and the nursing profession must espouse both current and potential CNs in developing the knowledge and skills needed for the leadership and mentoring roles required of the CN

Kedudukan Hukum Surat Keterangan Penguasaan Tanah Sebagai Bukti Kepemilikan Di Kabupaten Karo

One of the obstacles often faced by the people of Karo Regency in terms of land registration for the first time is the absence of authentic proof of legal land ownership, in the form of a Land Tenure Certificate (SKPT). In general, they get land management from the customary leader without written evidence. Land management in Tanah Karo is basically communal or shared use regulated by the Customary Stakeholders. As long as the payment goes well, land tenure will continue, because this is evidence of land tenure given to the community. This phenomenon underlies the research problem regarding how the legal position of the SKPT is as proof of ownership in Karo Regency.This study uses field research with a descriptive qualitative analysis approach and was conducted in Karo Regency, North Sumatra.The type of this research is qualitative. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews, while secondary data was collected through library research and documentation.The results showed that there are 2 (two) types of SKPT as regulated in Government Regulation no. 24 year 1997 concerning Land Registration, namely Proof of Old Rights (Article 24 PP 24/1997) and Proof of New Rights (Article 23 PP 24/1997). However, for the conversion of Ownership Rights, SKPT requires strengthening of witnesses and land tenure is not intended for things that are prohibited by law and are not in dispute. Suggestions in this study are the need for education to the public about the importance of proof of land tenure as evidence in landregistration for the first time. People who control the SKPT but have not registered it must manage their land properly, not to be controlled by a third party. The Karo Regency Land Office needs to socialize about legal remedies that can be taken by the community when the rights they get are weak

Practical measures for reducing phosphorus and faecal microbial loads from onsite wastewater treatment system discharges to the environment:a review

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), the majority of which are septic tanks, are a contributing factor to phosphorus and faecal microbial loads. OWTS contribute to waterbodies failing to meet Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives and as such, measures to improve the quality of OWTS discharges are required. Literature has been reviewed for a range of measures designed to reduce phosphorus and pathogen concentrations in effluent from OWTS. A feasibility assessment focussed on their application, effectiveness, efficiency, cost and ease of adaptation. A wide range of measures have been identified that could potentially improve water quality. Results show no one solution could be applied to reduce phosphorus and pathogen loadings to the water environment. The literature suggests that OWTS need to be designed to the local flow and load characteristics of the effluents streams,as well as site specific conditions. With that in mind, measures such as awareness raising, site planning, and maintenance are likely to contribute to reduction of impact of OWTS on the environment. The level of load reduction possible from measures such as awareness raising is difficult to quantify, but it is low-cost and relatively easy to implement. Those most effective for phosphorus and pathogen removal are post-tank measures that maximise physical removal, through adsorption and filtering, and maintain good conditions for biological breakdown of solids and predation of pathogens

Modelling soil erosion and transport in the Burrishoole catchment, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland

The Burrishoole catchment is situated in County Mayo, on the northwest coast of the Republic of Ireland. Much of the catchment is covered by blanket peat that, in many areas, has become heavily eroded in recent years. This is thought to be due, primarily, to the adverse effects of forestry and agricultural activities in the area. Such activities include ploughing, drainage, the planting and harvesting of trees, and sheep farming, all of which are potentially damaging to such a sensitive landscape if not managed carefully. This article examines the sediment yield and hydrology of the Burrishoole catchment. Flow and sediment concentrations were measured at 8-hourly intervals from 5 February 2001 to 8 November 2001 with an automatic sampler and separate flow gauge, and hourly averages were recorded between 4 July 2002 and 6 September 2002 using an automatic river monitoring system [ARMS]. The authors describe the GIS-based model of soil erosion and transport that was applied to the Burrishoole catchment during this study. The results of these analyses were compared, in a qualitative manner, with the aerial photography available for the Burrishoole catchment to see whether areas that were predicted to contribute large proportions of eroded material to the drainage network corresponded with areas where peat erosion could be identified through photo-interpretation

Why do we read illness stories? Paul Kalanithi’s When Breath Becomes Air (2016) read in the light of Rita Felski

Why do we read pathographies and why have they become so popular? These are the key questions in our paper. In answering these, we will introduce and discuss Rita Felski’s The Uses of Literature (2008) in connection to the American bestseller and Pulitzer prize finalist pathography When Breath Becomes Air (2016) by Paul Kalanithi. We chose Kalanithi’s book because we consider it in many ways typical of the pathographical genre with its first-person narrator, the frequent expression of shock, its reflections on meaning of the illness and the focus on daily life. Rita Felski’s The uses of literature reflects by means of the four concepts knowledge, recognition, shock and enchantment upon what makes us want to read a certain book or genre. However, when working with Kalanithi´s novel we soon found that Felski´s four modes were not only meaning-making for enlightening the question on why we as readers turn to this book. We soon also found that recognition, enchantment, knowledge and shock were concepts that were relevant used in connection with Kalanithi´s own experience of becoming ill and being a patient. The concepts, therefore, seem most useful for reflections on both the reader’s response and the author drives of the pathography genre