Bakningsegenskaper hos vårvetesorter i Kvalitetskorn-projektet

20 out of 25 accessions grown in a Field exp in 2017 were tested for baking With sour dough by Caroline Lindö in spring 2018. Significant varieties were foiund between growing locations (n=2) and accessions (n= 20)

What should organic farmers grow: heritage or modern spring wheat varieties? Report from a study comparing yields, grain and bread quality

For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varieties bred for organic growing is a challenge in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals. Hence, accessions failing qualification as commercial varieties may perform well in organic growing. A field experiment over two years was performed at two growing sites to compare 25 accessions of spring wheat, ranging from old heritage varieties to modern breeding lines. We assessed yield and agronomic characteristics, artisan bread baking quality and sensory characteristics. Modern accessions gave best yields. Old varieties had smaller kernels, less grain filling, lower falling numbers and SDS-sedimentation volumes, but higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site has a strong effect. Bread from modern accessions performed best in a baking test. Several sensory characteristics such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odor varied between varieties. Heritage varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a significant premium price for such products. A premium price is required, since yield levels are often considerably lower

CULTIVATION, YIELDS AND QUALITY �OF HERITAGE AND MODERN SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES

25 accesssions of spring wheat were compared in field trials in Mid-Norway in 2017 and 2018. Interesting non-comerzialised varieties/accessions were Runar (approved 1972): good yields, good breads, shorter growing season than the main variety on the market (Mirakel). Further: Breeding lines Graminor (GN) GN17635 and GN16503: good combination of yield level, grain quality and baking quality The legislation provides opportunities for higher genetic diversity in organic cereal production: Heritage varieties (> 10 years)may be approved, accessions can be used in a “closed system”, and heterogeneous genetic materials (populations)may be Applied by New organic regulation

Kvalitetskorn til mat – muligheter i ikke-kommersialisert norsk sortsmateriale.Forsøk med vårhvete til økologisk dyrking og håndverksbakst

25 sorter og foredlingslinjer av vårhvete ble sammenliknet i feltforsøk på to lokaliteter i Nord-Trøndelag i 2017 og 2018, med økologiske dyrkingsbetingelser. Utvalget inneholdt sorter som er i bruk i økologisk dyrking til håndverksbaking i Trøndelag (Dala landhvete, Fram II), enkelte andre eldre norske sorter (Norrøna, Møystad, Runar), to svenske sorter med litt annen glutenkvalitet enn moderne norsk hvete (Polkka, Sport), og Mirakel og Seniorita som var vanlige handelssorter i Norge i 2017 og 2018. I tillegg undersøkte vi 16 foredlingslinjer fra Graminor. Tre av disse var valgt ut fordi de har vist gode resultater under økologiske dyrkingsbetingelser på Østlandet. Fire nye og lite prøvde linjer ble tatt med fordi de hadde svakt gluten. «Sterkt gluten», dvs. evne til å tåle hard mekanisk behandling i industriell bakst, er en sortsegenskap som ofte blir kritisert fordi den settes i sammenheng med et økende problem med mage-tarm sykdommer. Ni ble valgt fordi de hadde vist en god evne til å dekke jorda og dermed konkurrere godt mot ugras, i et forsøk på Ås i 2016. Ugraskonkurranse er en svært viktig egenskap ved økologisk dyrking. I løpet av vekstsesongen ble forsøksrutene observert jevnlig, for egenskaper som voksemåte (opprett eller dekkende), tidlighet, strålengde, legde og konkurranseevne mot ugras. Etter avlingsregistrering ble kornets kvalitet undersøkt (vanninnhold ved tresking, falltall, SDS, hektolitervekt, tusenkornvekt, proteininnhold). 20 av sortene/linjene ble valgt ut til prøvebaking, og korn fra begge forsøkssteder i 2017 ble sendt til Caroline Lindö (Sverige) hvor det ble bakt surdeigsbrød som ble bedømt. 6 brød fra et av forsøksstedene ble så sendt til en sensorisk undersøkelse hos Nofima på Ås. For de 20 sortene som ble prøvebakt undersøkte vi også innholdet av makro- og mikromineraler i kornet. 2017 var et godt år for korndyrking i Trøndelag, mens 2018 var mer krevende. Begge forsøksfelt ga brukbare resultater i begge år. Runar var den tidligste sorten vi undersøkte, og ga i gjennomsnitt 333 kg korn per daa i 2017 (15% vann). Mirakel og nummersortene GN06557 og GN16503 ga de høyeste avlingene i 2017, men Norrøna hang også godt med. Gjennomsnittsavlingene for disse var 355, 370, 358 og 352 kg/daa. Møystad med 342 kg/daa ga også bedre avlinger enn Dala landhvete og Fram, som i snitt ga 235 og 263 kg/daa i 2017. Kornkvaliteten mindre god i de eldre sortene. Gjennomgående hadde disse mindre, og dårligere fylte korn, lavere falltall og lavere SDS-verdi enn moderne sorter og linjer. Innholdet av sink, jern og fosfor var imidlertid høyere i eldre sorter, men voksestedet hadde også en klar effekt på mineralinnhold. Testbakingen i Sverige viste at brød bakt av sortene Runar, Seniorita, Mirakel og en del nummersorter fikk best vurdering. Brød av Runar, Fram II, Seniorita, Mirakel, Polkka og Sport fra ett voksested ble sendt til Nofima, som påviste statistisk sikre forskjeller mellom hvetesortene for flere sensoriske egenskaper som saftighet, hardhet, sursmak og eddiklukt. Til et oppfølgingsprosjekt (2019-2021) ble sortene Dala landhvete, Runar, Mirakel, Seniorita, GN16503 og GN17635 valgt ut til videre forsøk, ut fra en samlet vurdering av egnethet i økologisk dyrking og til håndverksbakst

What should organic farmers grow: heritage or modern spring wheat cultivars?

To achieve a complete organic value chain, we need organic seed from cultivars adapted to organic growing. A separate breeding for organic growing is difficult to achieve in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals, and cultivars failing to qualify as a commercial variety for conventional growing may possibly perform well in organic growing, with different regimes of fertilisation and plant protection. A field trial was conducted over 2 years to compare 25 cultivars of spring wheat, ranging from one land race and some old varieties released between 1940 and 1967, to modern market varieties and breeding lines. Grain yield, agronomic characteristics and grain and flour quality, including mineral content, were recorded. The performance of the 20 most interesting cultivars in artisan bread baking was measured, as were sensory attributes in sourdough bread from six cultivars. Modern varieties and breeding lines gave higher yields and had larger kernels, better grain filling, higher falling numbers and higher SDS-sedimentation volumes compared with old cultivars. The old cultivars, on average, had higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site had a strong effect on mineral concentrations. Bread from modern cultivars performed best in a baking test. Several sensory attributes such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odour varied significantly between the six tested cultivars. Land races and old varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a premium price for such products. This will be required since yield levels are often considerably lower, especially with humid weather conditions at harvest.publishedVersio

What Should Organic Farmers Grow: Heritage Or Modern Spring Wheat Varieties? Report From A Study Comparing Yields, Grain And Bread Quality.

For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varieties bred for organic growing is a challenge in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals. Hence, accessions failing qualification as commercial varieties may perform well in organic growing. A field experiment over two years was performed at two growing sites to compare 25 accessions of spring wheat, ranging from old heritage varieties to modern breeding lines. We assessed yield and agronomic characteristics, artisan bread baking quality and sensory characteristics. Modern accessions gave best yields. Old varieties had smaller kernels, less grain filling, lower falling numbers and SDS-sedimentation volumes, but higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site has a strong effect. Bread from modern accessions performed best in a baking test. Several sensory characteristics such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odor varied between varieties. Heritage varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a significant premium price for such products. A premium price is required, since yield levels are often considerably lower

What should organic farmers grow: heritage or modern spring wheat cultivars?

To achieve a complete organic value chain, we need organic seed from cultivars adapted to organic growing. A separate breeding for organic growing is difficult to achieve in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals, and cultivars failing to qualify as a commercial variety for conventional growing may possibly perform well in organic growing, with different regimes of fertilisation and plant protection. A field trial was conducted over 2 years to compare 25 cultivars of spring wheat, ranging from one land race and some old varieties released between 1940 and 1967, to modern market varieties and breeding lines. Grain yield, agronomic characteristics and grain and flour quality, including mineral content, were recorded. The performance of the 20 most interesting cultivars in artisan bread baking was measured, as were sensory attributes in sourdough bread from six cultivars. Modern varieties and breeding lines gave higher yields and had larger kernels, better grain filling, higher falling numbers and higher SDS-sedimentation volumes compared with old cultivars. The old cultivars, on average, had higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site had a strong effect on mineral concentrations. Bread from modern cultivars performed best in a baking test. Several sensory attributes such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odour varied significantly between the six tested cultivars. Land races and old varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a premium price for such products. This will be required since yield levels are often considerably lower, especially with humid weather conditions at harvest

What should organic farmers grow: heritage or modern spring wheat cultivars?

To achieve a complete organic value chain, we need organic seed from cultivars adapted to organic growing. A separate breeding for organic growing is difficult to achieve in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals, and cultivars failing to qualify as a commercial variety for conventional growing may possibly perform well in organic growing, with different regimes of fertilisation and plant protection. A field trial was conducted over 2 years to compare 25 cultivars of spring wheat, ranging from one land race and some old varieties released between 1940 and 1967, to modern market varieties and breeding lines. Grain yield, agronomic characteristics and grain and flour quality, including mineral content, were recorded. The performance of the 20 most interesting cultivars in artisan bread baking was measured, as were sensory attributes in sourdough bread from six cultivars. Modern varieties and breeding lines gave higher yields and had larger kernels, better grain filling, higher falling numbers and higher SDS-sedimentation volumes compared with old cultivars. The old cultivars, on average, had higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site had a strong effect on mineral concentrations. Bread from modern cultivars performed best in a baking test. Several sensory attributes such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odour varied significantly between the six tested cultivars. Land races and old varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a premium price for such products. This will be required since yield levels are often considerably lower, especially with humid weather conditions at harvest

Health and sustainability in public meals : an explorative review

The world is facing a number of challenges related to food consumption. These are, on the one hand, health effects and, on the other hand, the environmental impact of food production. Radical changes are needed to achieve a sustainable and healthy food production and consumption. Public and institutional meals play a vital role in promoting health and sustainability, since they are responsible for a significant part of food consumption, as well as their “normative influence” on peoples’ food habits. The aim of this paper is to provide an explorative review of the scientific literature, focusing on European research including both concepts of health and sustainability in studies of public meals. Of >3000 papers, 20 were found to satisfy these criteria and were thus included in the review. The results showed that schools and hospitals are the most dominant arenas where both health and sustainability have been addressed. Three different approaches in combining health and sustainability have been found, these are: “Health as embracing sustainability”, “Sustainability as embracing health” and “Health and sustainability as separate concepts”. However, a clear motivation for addressing both health and sustainability is most often missin

Diffuse alveolar damage patterns reflect the immunological and molecular heterogeneity in fatal COVID-19

Background: Severe COVID-19 lung disease exhibits a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, with different histological features coexisting within a single individual. It is important to capture the disease complexity to support patient management and treatment strategies. We provide spatially decoded analyses on the immunopathology of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) patterns and factors that modulate immune and structural changes in fatal COVID-19. Methods: We spatially quantified the immune and structural cells in exudative, intermediate, and advanced DAD through multiplex immunohistochemistry in autopsy lung tissue of 18 COVID-19 patients. Cytokine profiling, viral, bacteria, and fungi detection, and transcriptome analyses were performed. Findings: Spatial DAD progression was associated with expansion of immune cells, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, fibroblasts, and (lymph)angiogenesis. Viral load correlated positively with exudative DAD and negatively with disease/hospital length. In all cases, enteric bacteria were isolated, and Candida parapsilosis in eight cases. Cytokines correlated mainly with macrophages and CD8+T cells. Pro-coagulation and acute repair were enriched pathways in exudative DAD whereas intermediate/advanced DAD had a molecular profile of elevated humoral and innate immune responses and extracellular matrix production. Interpretation: Unraveling the spatial and molecular immunopathology of COVID-19 cases exposes the responses to SARS-CoV-2-induced exudative DAD and subsequent immune-modulatory and remodeling changes in proliferative/advanced DAD that occur side-by-side together with secondary infections in the lungs. These complex features have important implications for disease management and the development of novel treatments. Funding: CNPq, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, HC-Convida, FAPESP, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and the Swedish Heart & Lung Foundation