Insecticides Pollution on the Three Water Birds Species (Little Black Cormorant, Little Egret and Javan Pond Heron) in Rice-Field at Sukamandi, Subang, West Java

Significant use of insecticide in rice-field by intensification program can directly endanger the environment and sustainability of birds living in the habitat. The objective of the investigation is to study negative impact of insecticide pollution on rice-field environment and on water birds. The research has been conducted on : (1) the diversity of vegetation and macrozoobenthos; (2) insecticide content in water, soil, food, eggs, and tissues of the three water birds species namely little black cormorant, little egret and javan pond heron; and (3) community utilization of insecticide. The research was carried out in Sukamandijaya Village, Ciasem district, under Subang Regency. Samples of eggs and birds were taken from the Sukamandi Rice Research Institute. Purposive sampling application was used in the survey method. The vegetation characteristics in research site include 5 species of weeds in the rice-field and 15 species of weeds in the rice-field dike are also studied. Macrozoobenthos was taken in 20 sampling location consisted of 17 types. Diversity index ranged from 0.469 to 2.689, and water quality of irrigation range from light to high levels pollution. Laboratory analysis were able to detect the presence of 9 types of insecticides consisted of 3 groups, namely : (1) organochlorine (BHC, Aldrin, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, DDT, and Endrin); (2) organophosphat (Chlorpirifos and Diazinon); and (3) Carbamat (Carbofuran). The lowest concentration of insecticide was found in the water, while highest was in the fat tissues of birds. Although the local community recently used only organochlorine (Endosulfan) and other 5 insecticide belonging to this group were detected in the samples. Another group of insecticide used by the community, pirethroid, was not detected in the samples. Results of research further indicated the occurrence of biomagnification starting from the water , soil, food, eggs, and tissues

The role of adiwiyata school in the change of students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the environment

Environmental problems and their solutions must be introduced to students from an early age through Environmental Education (PLH). One of PLH’s implementations is the Adiwiyata Program. The success of the Adiwiyata Program can be measured by examining differences in knowledge, positive attitudes, and positive behavior towards environmental problems and solutions. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively differences in knowledge, positive attitudes and positive behavior regarding the environment in school that has participated and that who has not participated in the Adiwiyata Program. Data were analyzed using a Likert scale with three categories: 1) good, 2) quite good, and 3) not good. Mann-Whitney U Test analysis was conducted to test the significance of the difference between the two groups of respondents. There was a difference in knowledge, attitudes, behavior and PLH scores in school that has participated in the Adiwiyata Program and that who has not. There was also a difference in student knowledge but not significant between schools participating in the Adiwiyata Program and not participating in the program. Students who participated in the Adiwiyata Program had better PLH scores than those who did not follow the Adiwiyata progra

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS KUPU-KUPU DI BEBERAPA TIPE HABITAT DI PONDOK AMBUNG TAMAN NASIONAL TANJUNG PUTING KALIMANTAN TENGAH

The study carried out  to identify species diversity of butterflies in several typesof habitats in Pondok Ambung, Tanjung Puting National Park Central Kalimantan.The study especically to determine species richness, species diversity, evenness, similarity and  correlation between habitat characteristics and species diversity of butterflies.  The study were done in eigth types of habitat - lowland forest, swamp forest, peat swamp forest, kerangas (dry-land habitat), grassland, burnt forest, Camp Ambung and nursery camp. One transect along 500 m for every habitat types with sweeping and trapping methods were used to collect and identified of butterflies species. Rambutan and watermelon were used as trap bait.  The result showed that  a total of 76 butterflies species were identified   including  five family i.e. Papilionidae (11 species), Pieridae (6 species), Nymphalidae (43 species), Lycaenidae (14 species), and Hesperiidae (2 species). The number of species were different in every habitat types, there are lowland forest 33 species, swamp forest 24 species, peat swamp forest 13 species, kerangas (dry-land habitat) 20 species, grassland 11 species, burnt forest 27 species, Camp Ambung 37 species, and nursery camp 32 species. Result of the study also showed that there were different index of species richness, diversities and similarities of butterflies species in every habitat type, and the correlation between habitat condition and butterflies species diversities especially related to temperature and relative humidity, open area, water source, and vegetation as food plant, shelter, and cover for butterflies.                                                                                                            Keywords :  butterflies, polinator, species diversity, habitat types,  trap bait,  national park

Pesticide Residue Monitoring on Agriculture in Indonesia

Abstract. Most agricultural producers use pesticides to prevent pests and increase yield and quality of the food they grow. Pesticides can damage people’s health, and lead to birth defects (teratogenic in character) and death in humans and animals. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of organochlorine pesticides, demonstrate dangerous bioaccumulation levels in the body and environment. The problems caused by organochlorine residues (lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and DDT) on agricultural lands that are still found today are generally the consequence of past usage that dates back to the1960s. Research on pesticide residues in Indonesia was carried out several years ago by various research institutes and universities and some of these results were collected between 1985 and 2017. Data distribution of the results on pesticide residues include in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, and Papua. Most of the pesticide residue research has been conducted on vegetables. Pesticide residues were found in various commodities and matrices such as rice, soybeans, cow's milk, chicken eggs, fruit ingredients, vegetables, soil, paddy water, river water, lake water, pond water, sea water, water birds, animal feed, fish, frogs, lamb, birds, eggs, tea, and honey. Pesticide residues found were insecticide (organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid), and fungicide (dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim and thiametoxam). Organochlorine insecticides have been banned, but the residues are still found today. This is due to the nature of organochlorines which have high persistence properties. Even though insecticide residues (organophosphate, carbamate, pirethroid) found in food commodities are still below the maximum residual limit (MRL), namely SNI 7313: 2008, but some close to MRL. Particularly for organochlorine residues in soil, water and plants insecticides must be monitored because they are persistent, toxic and accumulative. This paper aims to review of pesticide residues in various products including food, and the potential impact of pesticide residues on human health. Abstrak. Sebagian besar produsen pertanian menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah hama dan meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas makanan yang mereka tanam. Pestisida dapat merusak kesehatan manusia, dan bersifat teratogenik dan mematikan pada manusia dan hewan. Banyak dari residu kimia ini, terutama turunan pestisida organoklorin, menunjukkan tingkat bioakumulasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh manusia dan lingkungan. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh residu organoklorin (lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor dan DDT) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1960-an. Penelitian tentang residu pestisida di Indonesia dilakukan beberapa tahun yang lalu oleh berbagai lembaga penelitian dan universitas yang dikumpulkan antara tahun 1985 dan 2017. Distribusi data hasil residu pestisida tersebar di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Yogyakarta, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Utara dan Selatan, Gorontalo, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menemukan residu pestisida tidak hanya ditemukan di berbagai komoditas pertanian seperti beras, kedelai, susu sapi, telur ayam, bahan buah, sayuran tetapi juga pada tanah, sawah, air sungai, air danau, air kolam, air laut, burung air, pakan ternak, ikan, katak, domba, telur burung, teh, dan madu. Residu pestisida yang banyak ditemukan di lapangan adalah insektisida (organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid), dan fungisida (dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim dan thiametoxam). Insektisida golongan organoklorin telah dilarang penggunaannya, namun residunya masih ditemukan hingga kini. Hal ini dikarenakan sifat organoklorin yang memiliki sifat persistensi yang tinggi. Residu insektisida (organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid) yang ditemukan di dalam komoditas pangan secara umum masih di bawah batas maksimum residu (BMR) yang mengacu pada standar nasional, yaitu SNI 7313: 2008, namun beberapa residu insektisida telah mendekati BMR. Khusus untuk residu insektisida golongan organoklorin di dalam tanah, air dan tanaman harus dipantau karena sifatnya yang persisten, beracun, dan akumulatif. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu pestisida dalam berbagai produk termasuk makanan, dan dampak potensial residu pestisida pada kesehatan manusia

The role of adiwiyata school in the change of students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the environment

Environmental problems and their solutions must be introduced to students from an early age through Environmental Education (PLH). One of PLH’s implementations is the Adiwiyata Program. The success of the Adiwiyata Program can be measured by examining differences in knowledge, positive attitudes, and positive behavior towards environmental problems and solutions. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively differences in knowledge, positive attitudes and positive behavior regarding the environment in school that has participated and that who has not participated in the Adiwiyata Program. Data were analyzed using a Likert scale with three categories: 1) good, 2) quite good, and 3) not good. Mann-Whitney U Test analysis was conducted to test the significance of the difference between the two groups of respondents. There was a difference in knowledge, attitudes, behavior and PLH scores in school that has participated in the Adiwiyata Program and that who has not. There was also a difference in student knowledge but not significant between schools participating in the Adiwiyata Program and not participating in the program. Students who participated in the Adiwiyata Program had better PLH scores than those who did not follow the Adiwiyata progra