88,170 research outputs found
Premature recruitment of oocyte pool and increased mTOR activity in Fmr1 knockout mice and reversal of phenotype with rapamycin.
While mutations in the fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1) gene are associated with varying reproductive outcomes in females, the effects of a complete lack of FMR1 expression are not known. Here, we studied the ovarian and reproductive phenotypes in an Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model and the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Breeding, histologic and mTOR signaling data were obtained at multiple time points in KO and wild type (WT) mice fed a control or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) diet. KO mice showed an earlier decline in ovarian reserve than WT mice with an increased proportion of activated follicles. mTOR and phosphorylated S6 kinase (p-S6K) levels, a measure of downstream mTOR signaling, were elevated in the KO ovaries. Rapamycin blocked these effects in KO mice, and increased the primordial follicle pool and age of last litter in WT mice. Our data demonstrates an early decline in reproductive capacity in Fmr1 KO mice and proposes that premature recruitment of the primordial pool via altered mTOR signaling may be the mechanism. Reversal of phenotypes and protein levels in rapamycin-treated KO mice, as well as increased reproductive lifespan of rapamycin-fed WT mice, suggest the mTOR pathway as a potential therapeutic target
CD4+ T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA1 in Chinese populations are highly focused on novel C-terminal domain-derived epitopes
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA1, the one viral protein uniformly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), represents a prime target for T-cell-based immunotherapy. However, little is known about the EBNA1 epitopes, particularly CD4 epitopes, presented by HLA alleles in Chinese people, the group at highest risk for NPC. We analyzed the CD4 T-cell responses to EBNA1 in 78 healthy Chinese donors and found marked focusing on a small number of epitopes in the EBNA1 C-terminal region, including a DP5- restricted epitope that was recognized by almost half of the donors tested and elicited responses able to recognize EBNA1-expressing, DP5-positive target cells
Thermalization of acoustic excitations in a strongly interacting one-dimensional quantum liquid
We study inelastic decay of bosonic excitations in a Luttinger liquid. In a
model with linear excitation spectrum the decay rate diverges. We show that
this difficulty is resolved when the interaction between constituent particles
is strong, and the excitation spectrum is nonlinear. Although at low energies
the nonlinearity is weak, it regularizes the divergence in the decay rate. We
develop a theoretical description of the approach of the system to thermal
equilibrium. The typical relaxation rate scales as the fifth power of
temperature
Determination of the superconducting gap in near optimally doped Bi_2Sr_{2-x}La_xCuO_{6+\delta} (x ~ 0.4) from low-temperature specific heat
Low-temperature specific heat of the monolayer high-Tc superconductor
Bi_2Sr_{2-x}La_xCuO_{6+\delta} has been measured close to the optimal doping
point (x ~ 0.4) in different magnetic fields. The identification of both a T^2
term in zero field and a \sqrt{H} dependence of the specific heat in fields is
shown to follow the theoretical prediction for d-wave pairing, which enables us
to extract the slope of the superconducting gap in the vicinity of the nodes
(v_{\Delta}, which is proportional to the superconducting gap \Delta_0 at the
antinodes according to the standard d_{x^2-y^2} gap function). The v_{\Delta}
or \Delta_0 (~ 12 meV) determined from this bulk measurement shows close
agreement with that obtained from spectroscopy or tunneling measurements, which
confirms the simple d-wave form of the superconducting gap.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl
Stationary wave patterns generated by an impurity moving with supersonic velocity through a Bose-Einstein condensate
Formation of stationary 3D wave patterns generated by a small point-like
impurity moving through a Bose-Einstein condensate with supersonic velocity is
studied. Asymptotic formulae for a stationary far-field density distribution
are obtained. Comparison with three-dimensional numerical simulations
demonstrates that these formulae are accurate enough already at distances from
the obstacle equal to a few wavelengths.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Positive Least Energy Solutions and Phase Separation for Coupled Schrodinger Equations with Critical Exponent: Higher Dimensional Case
We study the following nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger system which is related to
Bose-Einstein condensate: {displaymath} {cases}-\Delta u +\la_1 u = \mu_1
u^{2^\ast-1}+\beta u^{\frac{2^\ast}{2}-1}v^{\frac{2^\ast}{2}}, \quad x\in
\Omega, -\Delta v +\la_2 v =\mu_2 v^{2^\ast-1}+\beta v^{\frac{2^\ast}{2}-1}
u^{\frac{2^\ast}{2}}, \quad x\in \om, u\ge 0, v\ge 0 \,\,\hbox{in \om},\quad
u=v=0 \,\,\hbox{on \partial\om}.{cases}{displaymath} Here \om\subset \R^N
is a smooth bounded domain, is the Sobolev critical
exponent, -\la_1(\om)0 and , where
\lambda_1(\om) is the first eigenvalue of with the Dirichlet
boundary condition. When \bb=0, this is just the well-known Brezis-Nirenberg
problem. The special case N=4 was studied by the authors in (Arch. Ration.
Mech. Anal. 205: 515-551, 2012). In this paper we consider {\it the higher
dimensional case }. It is interesting that we can prove the existence
of a positive least energy solution (u_\bb, v_\bb) {\it for any } (which can not hold in the special case N=4). We also study the limit
behavior of (u_\bb, v_\bb) as and phase separation is
expected. In particular, u_\bb-v_\bb will converge to {\it sign-changing
solutions} of the Brezis-Nirenberg problem, provided . In case
\la_1=\la_2, the classification of the least energy solutions is also
studied. It turns out that some quite different phenomena appear comparing to
the special case N=4.Comment: 48 pages. This is a revised version of arXiv:1209.2522v1 [math.AP
Four-phase patterns in forced oscillatory systems
We investigate pattern formation in self-oscillating systems forced by an
external periodic perturbation. Experimental observations and numerical studies
of reaction-diffusion systems and an analysis of an amplitude equation are
presented. The oscillations in each of these systems entrain to rational
multiples of the perturbation frequency for certain values of the forcing
frequency and amplitude. We focus on the subharmonic resonant case where the
system locks at one fourth the driving frequency, and four-phase rotating
spiral patterns are observed at low forcing amplitudes. The spiral patterns are
studied using an amplitude equation for periodically forced oscillating
systems. The analysis predicts a bifurcation (with increasing forcing) from
rotating four-phase spirals to standing two-phase patterns. This bifurcation is
also found in periodically forced reaction-diffusion equations, the
FitzHugh-Nagumo and Brusselator models, even far from the onset of oscillations
where the amplitude equation analysis is not strictly valid. In a
Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical system periodically forced with light we also
observe four-phase rotating spiral wave patterns. However, we have not observed
the transition to standing two-phase patterns, possibly because with increasing
light intensity the reaction kinetics become excitable rather than oscillatory.Comment: 11 page
From random walk to single-file diffusion
We report an experimental study of diffusion in a quasi-one-dimensional (q1D)
colloid suspension which behaves like a Tonks gas. The mean squared
displacement as a function of time is described well with an ansatz
encompassing a time regime that is both shorter and longer than the mean time
between collisions. This ansatz asserts that the inverse mean squared
displacement is the sum of the inverse mean squared displacement for short time
normal diffusion (random walk) and the inverse mean squared displacement for
asymptotic single-file diffusion (SFD). The dependence of the single-file 1D
mobility on the concentration of the colloids agrees quantitatively with that
derived for a hard rod model, which confirms for the first time the validity of
the hard rod SFD theory. We also show that a recent SFD theory by Kollmann
leads to the hard rod SFD theory for a Tonks gas.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Phase dynamics of inductively coupled intrinsic Josephson junctions and terahertz electromagnetic radiation
The Josephson effects associated with quantum tunneling of Cooper pairs
manifest as nonlinear relations between the superconductivity phase difference
and the bias current and voltage. Many novel phenomena appear, such as Shapiro
steps in dc cuurent-voltage (IV) characteristics of a Josephson junction under
microwave shining, which can be used as a voltage standard. Inversely, the
Josephson effects provide a unique way to generate high-frequency
electromagnetic (EM) radiation by dc bias voltage. The discovery of cuprate
high-Tc superconductors accelerated the effort to develop novel source of EM
waves based on a stack of atomically dense-packed intrinsic Josephson junctions
(IJJs), since the large superconductivity gap covers the whole terahertz
frequency band. Very recently, strong and coherent terahertz radiations have
been successfully generated from a mesa structure of
single crystal which works both as the source
of energy gain and as the cavity for resonance. It is then found theoretically
that, due to huge inductive coupling of IJJs produced by the nanometer junction
separation and the large London penetration depth of order of of
the material, a novel dynamic state is stabilized in the coupled sine-Gordon
system, in which kinks in phase differences are developed responding
to the standing wave of Josephson plasma and are stacked alternatively in the
c-axis. This novel solution of the inductively coupled sine-Gordon equations
captures the important features of experimental observations. The theory
predicts an optimal radiation power larger than the one available to date by
orders of magnitude, and thus suggests the technological relevance of the
phenomena.Comment: review article (69 pages, 30 figures
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