Understanding deforestation lock-in: Insights from Land Reform settlements in the Brazilian Amazon

Cropland and pasture expansion continues to erase natural ecosystems at a staggering speed globally, notably in the tropics. Conventional policy approaches, usually focused on a particular land-use change driver (e.g., specific commodities) or individual regulations (e.g., the Amazon Soy Moratorium), have consistently failed to achieve sufficient or sustained results. The swift reversal of Brazil’s earlier success in reducing Amazon deforestation – now again accelerated – offers perhaps the most sobering illustration of that. Therefore, this article draws from scholarship on sustainability transitions to propose a more comprehensive systems view of unsustainable land-use patterns. We examine persistent tropical deforestation as a case of “lock-in,” using a transitions lens, and explore its constitutive elements. As a case study, we analyze the situation of Land Reform settlements in the Brazilian Amazon, where as much as one-third of that biome’s deforestation takes place. While subject to some specific factors, those places are also enmeshed in a broader setting that is common across the Brazilian Amazon’s deforestation frontier (e.g., infrastructure conditions, market demands, and sociocultural norms). Drawing from document analysis of Brazilian policies and fieldwork in three Land Reform settlements in Pará State, we expose multiple forms of techno-economic, institutional, and socio-cognitive lock-in that together drive deforestation systemically in those settlements. These drivers form a strongly consolidated socio-technical regime around large-scale agriculture that includes material and immaterial factors (e.g., cultural ones), a regime that not only resists change but also – like a vortex – pulls others into it. Escaping deforestation lock-in may thus require outside forces to help local actors destabilize and eventually replace this unsustainable land-use regime. International zero-deforestation efforts offer a starting point, but a transition requires moving beyond piecemeal, incremental change or end-of-pipe approaches and toward concerted, strategic action that addresses multiple of those regime elements in a coordinated way to replace it as a system. We argue that understanding deforestation lock-in is vital for tackling its worrisome persistence and that sustainability transitions theory offers an illuminating, but still underutilized, framework to analyze and eventually overcome unsustainable land use

TTWD-DA: A MATLAB toolbox for discriminant analysis based on trilinear three-way data

Three-way trilinear data is increasingly used in chemical and biochemical applications. This type of data is composed of three-way structures representing two different signal responses and one sample dimension distributed among a 3D structure, such as the data represented by fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EMMs), spectral-pH responses, spectral-kinetic responses, spectral-electric potential responses, among others. Herein, we describe a new MATLAB toolbox for classification of trilinear three-way data using discriminant analysis techniques (linear discriminant analysis [LDA], quadratic discriminant analysis [QDA], and partial least squares discriminant analysis [PLS-DA]), termed “TTWD-DA”. These discrimination techniques were coupled to multivariate deconvolution techniques by means of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and Tucker3 algorithm. The toolbox is based on a user-friendly graphical interface, where these algorithms can be easily applied. Also, as output, multiple figures of merit are automatically calculated, such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. This software is free available online

Desigualdades de renda na saúde bucal e no acesso aos serviços odontológicos na população Brasileira : pesquisa nacional de saúde, 2013

Despite the improvement in oral health conditions observed in the Brazilian population, there are still high social inequalities that must be monitored. To evaluate income inequality in oral hygiene practices, oral health status and the use of dental services in the adult and senior Brazilian population. Data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013 (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde – PNS 2013) were used for the population aged 18 years old or older. Inequalities were found among the income strata in most of the oral health indicators evaluated. The greatest inequalities were observed in the use of dental floss, in hygiene practices (PR = 2.85 in adults and PR = 2.45 in seniors), and in total tooth loss (PR = 6.74 in adults and PR = 2.24 in seniors) and difficulty in chewing (PR = 4.49 in adults and PR = 2.67 in seniors) among oral condition indicators. The magnitude of inequalities was high in both groups in most oral condition indicators. Income was a factor that persisted in limiting access to dental services, and even the lower income segments had high percentages that paid for dental consultations. Based on data from the first PNS, the findings of this study enabled the identification of oral health and dental care aspects more compromised by income differentials, thus, contributing to the planning of dental care in Brazil and to stimulate the monitoring of these disparities with data from future surveys222CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ817122/2015Apesar da melhora das condições de saúde bucal constatada na população brasileira, persistem elevadas desigualdades sociais que precisam ser monitoradas. Avaliar a desigualdade de renda nas práticas de higiene bucal, nas condições bucais e no uso de serviços odontológicos na população brasileira de adultos e idosos. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013 (PNS 2013) referentes à população de 18 anos ou mais. Detectaram-se desigualdades entre os estratos de renda na maioria dos indicadores de saúde bucal avaliados. As desigualdades de maior magnitude foram verificadas no uso de fio dental, nas práticas de higiene (RP = 2,85 nos adultos e RP = 2,45 nos idosos), e na perda de todos os dentes (RP = 6,74 nos adultos e RP = 2,24 nos idosos) e dificuldade de mastigar (RP = 4,49 nos adultos e RP = 2,67 nos idosos) entre os indicadores de condições bucais. Na maioria dos indicadores de condições bucais a magnitude das desigualdades foi elevada em ambos os grupos. A renda mostrou-se um fator que persiste limitando o acesso aos serviços odontológicos e, mesmo os segmentos de menor renda apresentaram elevados percentuais que pagam por consulta odontológica. Por meio dos dados da primeira PNS, os achados do estudo permitiram identificar aspectos de saúde e de atenção bucais mais comprometidos pelos diferenciais de renda, podendo, nesse sentido, contribuir para o planejamento da assistência odontológica no país e para estimular o monitoramento destas disparidades com dados das próximas pesquisa

Variable selection towards classification of digital images: identification of altered glucose levels in serum

classed as 125 mg/dL). Herein, we propose a method to identify control, pre-diabetic, or diabetic simulated and real-world samples based on their glucose levels using classification-based variable selection algorithms [successive projections algorithm (SPA) or genetic algorithm (GA)] coupled to linear discriminant analysis (SPA-LDA and GA-LDA) towards analyzing red–green–blue digital images. Images were recorded after glucose enzymatic reaction, whereby 250 μL of reactant content of samples were captured by using a common cell phone camera. Processing was applied to the images at a pixel level, where 72.2% of the pixels were correctly classified as control, 79.2% as pre-diabetic, and 90.9% as diabetic using SPA-LDA algorithm; and 76.8% as control, 81.4% as pre-diabetic, and 91.7% as diabetic using GA-LDA algorithm in the validation set containing nine simulated samples. Eight real-world samples were measured as an external test set, where the accuracy using GA-LDA was found to be 92%, with sensitivities ranging from 70% to 100 and specificities ranging from 90% to 99%. This method shows the potential of variable selection techniques coupled with digital image analysis towards blood glucose monitorin

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for virus identification: A powerful alternative

In pandemic times, like the one we are witnessing for COVID-19, the discussion about new efficient and rapid techniques for diagnosis of diseases is more evident. In this mini-review, we present to the virological scientific community the potential of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a diagnosis technique. Herein, we explain the operation of this technique, as well as its advantages over standard methods. In addition, we also present the multivariate analysis tools that can be used to extract useful information from the data towards classification purposes. Tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Linear and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (LDA and QDA) are covered, including examples of published studies. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy are emphasized, as well as future prospects in this field of study that is only growing. One of the main aims of this paper is to encourage the scientific community to explore the potential of this spectroscopic tool to detect changes in biological samples such as those caused by the presence of viruses

Sleep Duration And Health Status Self-assessment (sf-36) In The Elderly: A Population-based Study (isa-camp 2008) [duração Do Sono E Estado De Saúde Autorreferido (sf-36) Em Idosos: Estudo De Base Populacional (isa-camp 2008)]

The aim of this study was to determine the association between sleep duration and health status among the elderly. A population-based study was carried out with 1,418 elderly individuals using data from the health survey of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil (ISA-Camp 2008). Linear regression models were used to determine associations between the physical and mental components and subscales of the SF-36 and sleep duration. Elderly male individuals who slept ≤ 6 hours obtained lower mean SF-36 scores for the vitality and mental health scales and the mental component summary than those who slept for seven to eight hours. All scales were negatively associated with sleep duration ≥ 10 hours, except bodily pain. Scores for the mental health, vitality and role-emotional subscales were lower among women who slept for less than five hours. Mental health was negatively associated with ≥ 10 hours of sleep. Sleep deprivation and excessive sleep were associated with poorer health status, with differences between genders, principally in the long duration sleep categories.28916741684Ware, J.E., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J.B., Turner-Bowker, D.M., Gandek, B., Maruish, M.E., (2007) User's manual for the SF-36v2 Health Survey, , Lincoln: Quality Metric Inc.;Lima, M.G., Barros, M.B.A., César, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., Impact of chronic disease on quality of life among the elderly in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: A population-based study (2009) Rev Panam Salud Pública, 25, pp. 314-321Alonso, J., Ferrer, M., Gandek, B., Ware Jr., E., Aaronson, N.K., Mosconi, P., JHealth-related quality of life associated with chronic conditions in eight countries: Results from the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project (2004) Qual Life Res, 13, pp. 283-298Tsay, S.Y., Chi, L.Y., Lee, C.H., Chou, P., Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality among community-dwelling older persons (2007) Eur J Epidemiol, 22, pp. 19-26Frybach, D.G., Dunham, N.C., Palta, M., Hanmer, J., Buechner, J., Cherepanov, D., US norms for six generic health-related quality-of-life indexes from the National Health Measurement study (2007) Med Care, 45, pp. 1162-1170Cappuccio, F.P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., Miller, M.A., Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2010) Sleep, 33, pp. 585-592Ferrie, J.E., Shipley, M.J., Cappuccio, F.P., Brunner, E., Miller, M.A., Kumari, M., A prospective study of change in sleep duration: Associations with mortality in the Withehall II Cohort (2007) Sleep, 30, pp. 1659-1666Geib, L.T.C., Cataldo Neto, A., Wainberg, R., Nunes, M.L., Sono e envelhecimento (2003) Rev Psiquiatr Rio Gd Sul, 25, pp. 453-465Nagai, M., Hoshide, S., Kario, K., Sleep duration as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A review of a recent literature (2010) Curr Cardiol Rev, 6, pp. 54-61Mill, J.G.V., Hoogendisk, W.J.G., Vogelzangs, N., Dyck, R.V., Penninx, B., Insomnia and sleep duration in a large cohort of patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders (2010) J Clin Psychiatry, 71, pp. 239-246Lima, M.G., Francisco, P.M.S.B., Barros, M., Sleep duration pattern and chronic disease in Brazilian adults (ISACAMP 2008/2009) (2012) Sleep Med, 13, pp. 139-144Patel, S.R., Malhotra, A., White, D.P., Gottlieb, D.J., Hu, F.B., Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women (2006) Am J Epidemiol, 164, pp. 947-954Knutson, K.L., Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: A review of the epidemiologic evidence (2010) Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 24, pp. 731-743Birchler-Pedross, A., Schröder, C.M., Münch, M., Knoblauch, V., Blatter, K., Schnitzler-Sack, C., Subjective well-being is modulated by cicardian phase, sleep pressure, age and gender (2009) J Biol Rhythm, 24, pp. 232-242Akerstedt, T.A., Nilsson, P.M., Sleep as restitution: An introduction (2003) J Int Med, 254, pp. 6-12Ohayon, M.M., Interactions between sleep normative data and sociocultural characteristics in elderly (2004) J Psychosom Res, 56, pp. 479-486Tamakoshi, A., Yoshiyki, O., Self-reported sleep duration as predictor of all-cause mortality: Results from the JACC study, Japan (2004) Sleep, 27, pp. 51-54Souza, C.S., Reimão, R., Epidemiologia da insônia (2004) Psicol Estud, 9, pp. 3-7Campos, H.H., Bittencourt, L.R.A., Haidar, M.A., Tufik, S., Baracat, E.C., Prevalência de distúrbios do sono na pós-menopausa (2005) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 27, pp. 731-736Burazeri, G., Gofin, J., Kark, J.D., Over 8 hours of sleepmaker of increased mortality in Mediterranean population: Follow-up population study (2003) Croat Med J, 44, pp. 193-198Ikehara, S., Iso, H., Date, C., Kikuchi, S., Watanabe, Y., Wada, Y., Association of sleep duration with mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes for Japanese men and women: The JACC Study (2009) Sleep, 32, pp. 259-301Krueger, P.M., Friedman, E.M., Sleep duration in the United States: A cross-sectional population-based Study (2009) Am J Epidemiol, 169, pp. 1052-1063Hale, L., Do, P., Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study (2007) Sleep, 30, pp. 1096-1103Adams, P.F., Schoenborn, C.A., Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2002-04. National Center for Health Statistics (2006) Vital Health Stat, 10 (230), pp. 1-140Faubel, R., Lopez-Garcia, E., Guallar-Castillón, P., Balboa-Castillo, T., Gutiérrez-Fisac, J.L., Banegas, J.R., Sleep duration and health-related quality of life among older adults: A population-based cohort in Spain (2009) Sleep, 32, pp. 1059-1068Steptoe, A., Pearcey, V., Wardle, J., Sleep duration and health in young adults (2006) Arch Intern Med, 166, pp. 1689-1692Pilcher, J.J., Ginter, D.R., Sadowsky, B., Sleep quality versus quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students (1997) J Psychom Res, 42, pp. 583-596Magee, C.A., Caputi, P., Iverson, D.C., Relationships between self-rated health, quality of life and sleep duration in middle aged and elderly Australians (2011) Sleep Med, 12, pp. 346-350Winkelman, J.W., Redline, S., Baldwin, C.M., Resnick, H.E., Newman, A.B., Gottlieb, D.J., Polysomnographic and health-related quality of life correlates of restless leg syndrome in the sleep heart health study (2009) Sleep, 32, pp. 772-778Li, J., Dong, Q., Liu, J.J., Yang, L.S., Ye, D.Q., Huang, F., Sleep and quality of life among rural elderly in Anhui province (2010) Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 31, pp. 405-408Arvidsson, S., Arvidsson, B., Fridlind, B., Bergaman, S., Factors promoting health-related quality of life in people with rheumatic diseases: A 12 month longitudinal study (2011) BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 12, p. 102Ware, J.E., Kosinsk, M., (2009) SF-36 physical & mental health summary scales: A manual for users of version 1, , 2nd Ed. Lincoln: Quality Metric Inc.;Ciconelli, R.M., Ferraz, M.B., Santos, W., Meinão, I., Quaresma, M.R., Tradução para a língua portuguesa e validação do questionário genérico de avaliação de qualidade de vida SF-36 (Brasil SF-36) (1999) Rev Bras Reumatol, 39, pp. 143-150Laguardia, J., Campos, M.R., Travassos, C.M., Najar, A.L., Anjos, L.A., Vasconcellos, M.M., Psychometric evaluation sample of Brazilian households: Results of the survey Pesquisa Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PSDS), Brazil, 2008 (2011) Health Qual Life Outcomes, 9, p. 61Wyss, K., Wagner, A.K., Whiting, D., Mtasiwa, D.M., Tanner, M., Gandek, B., Validation of the Kiswalhili version of the SF-36 Health Survey in a representative sample of an urban population in Tanzania (1999) Qual Life Res, 8, pp. 111-120Li, L., Wang, H.M., Shen, Y., Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: Translation, cultural adaptation, validation and normalization (2003) J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, pp. 259-265Lima, M.G., Barros, M.B.A., César, C.L.G., Goldbaum, M., Carandina, L., Ciconelli, R.M., Health related quality of life among the elderly: A population-based study using SF-36 survey (2009) Cad Saúde Pública, 25, pp. 2159-2167Lima, M.G., Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., Alves, M.C.G.P., Health-related behavior and quality of life among the elderly: A population-based study (2011) Rev Saúde Pública, 45, pp. 845-893Sabanayagam, C., Shankar, A., Sleep duration and cardiovascular disease: Results from the National Health Interview Survey (2010) Sleep, 33, pp. 1037-1042Castro-Costa, E., Dewey, M.E., Ferri, C.P., Uchôa, E., Firmo, J.O.A., Rocha, F.L., Association between sleep duration all-cause mortality in old age: 9-year follow-up of the Bambuí Cohort Study, Brazil (2011) J Sleep Res, 20, pp. 303-310Heslop, P., Smith, G.D., Metcalfe, C., McLeod, J., Hart, C., Sleep duration and mortality: The effect of short or long sleep duration on cardiovascular and allcause mortality in working men and women (2002) Sleep Medicine, 3, pp. 305-314Gottlieb, D.J., Punjabi, N.M., Newman, A.B., Resnick, H.E., Redline, S., Baldwin, C.M., Association of sleep time with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (2005) Arch Intern Med, 165, pp. 863-868Hublin, C., Partnen, M., Koskenvuo, M., Kaprio, J., Sleep and mortality: A population-based 22 year followup study (2007) Sleep, 30, pp. 1245-1253Gangwisch, J.E., Heymsfield, S.B., Boden-Albala, B., Buijs, R.M., Kreier, F., Opler, M.G., Sleep duration associated with mortality in elderly, but not middle-aged, adults in a large US sample (2008) Sleep, 31, pp. 1087-1096Cappuccio, F.P., Strazzullo, P., D'Elia, L., Miller, M.A., Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes (2010) Diabetes Care, 33, pp. 414-420Veras, R.P., Crescimento da população idosa no Brasil: Transformações e consequências na sociedade (1987) Rev Saúde Pública, 21, pp. 225-233Chien, K.L., Chen, P.C., Hsu, H.C., Su, T.C., Sung, F.C., Chen, M.F., Habitual sleep duration and insomnia and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause death: Report from a community-based cohort (2010) Sleep, 33, pp. 177-184Lauderdale, D.S., Knutson, K.L., Yan, L.L., Liu, K., Rathouz, P.J., Sleep duration: How well do self-reports reflect objective measures? The CARDIA Sleep Study (2008) Epidemiology, 19, pp. 838-845Lockley, S.W., Skene, D.J., Arendt, J., Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms (1999) J Sleep Res, 8, pp. 175-183Carlson, P., Self-perceived health in East and West Europe: Another European health divide (1998) Soc Sci Med, 46, pp. 1355-1366Brock, D.W., The separatibility of health and wellbeing (2002) Summary measures of population health. Concepts, ethics, measurement and applications, pp. 115-120. , In: Murray CJL, Joshua AS, Mathers CD, Lopez A, editors, Geneva: World Health Organizatio

Caracterização de nove genótipos de milho (Zea mays L.) en relação à área foliar e coeficiente de extinção de luz

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate nine corn genotypes (Arichuna, Baraure, B raquitico, Expe-rimental-2, Foremaiz PB, FM-6, Obregón, Proseca-71 and Tocorón) in relation to: mean leaf area per plant, total leaf area per plant (TLA), leaf area index (LAI), grain yield (Y) and light extinction coefficient (K) at 0.50m, 1.00m, 1.50m, 2.00m and 2.50m of plant height (from soil to flag leaf). Also, correlation and single regression between LAI and yield was performed. Significant genotypical differences for all variables were found, except for mean leaf area per plant Ranging was: mean leaf area per plant (471 cm² for Foremaiz PB and 606 cm² for Baraure); TLA (5,327 cm² for Foremaiz PB and 8,411 for Braquítico); LAI (4.26, Foremaiz PB and 6.67, Braquítico); K (0.23 for Braquítico and 0.42, Arichuna); Y (2, 877, Braquítico and 4,784 kg.ha-1 for Tocoron).The relationship between Y and LAI was not significant (r = 0.07). The relationship of LAI and K was described very well by Beer's law.Se caracterizaron nueve materiales genéticos de maíz (Arichuna, Baraure, Braquítico, Experimental-2, Foremaíz PB, FM-6, Obregón, Proscca-71 y Tocorón), en relación con área promedio de hoja por planta, área foliar total por planta (AFT), índice de área foliar (IAF), y coeficiente de extinción de luz (K) a 0,50 m, 1,00 m, 1,50 m, 2,00 m y 2,50 m de altura de la planta (medidos a partir del suelo). Además, estudios de correlación y regresión simple fueron hechos entre rendimiento (R) y IAF. Se encontraron rangos de variación para las diversas variables: Area promedio de hoja por planta(471cm² para Foremaiz PB y 606 cm² para Baraure); AFT ( 5 327cm² en Foremaiz PB y 8 411 cm² para Braquítico); IAF (4,26, Foremaiz PB y 6,67, Braquítico); K (0,23 para Braquítico y 0,42, Arichuna); rendimiento (2 877 kg.ha-1, Braquítico y 4 784 kg.ha-1 en Tocorón). La relación entre rendimiento y IAF no fue significativa(r = 0,07). La asociación de IAF y K file muy bien descrita por la ley de Beer.Foram caracterizados nove materiais genéticos de milho (Arichuna, Baraure, Braquítico, Experimental-2, Foremaíz PB, FM-6, Obregón, Proseca-71 y Tocorón) com relação a área foliar média de folhas por planta(AF), área foliar total por planta (AFT), índice de área foliar (IAF) e coeficiente de extinção de luz (K) a 0,50m, 1,00m, 1,50m, 2,00m e 2,50m de altura (a partir do solo). Foram encontrados os seguintes intervalos de variação para as diversas variáveis: área média de folhas por planta (471 cm² para Foremaíz PB e 606 cm² Baraure); área foliar total por planta: 5 327 cm² (Foremaiz PB) e 8 411 cm² (Braquítico), índice de área foliar: 4,26 (Foremaiz PB) e 6,67 (Braquítico); coeficiente de extinção de luz: 0,23 (Braquítico) e 0,42 (Arichuna); rendimento: 2 877 kg.ha-1 (Braquítico) e 4 784 kg.ha-1 (Tocorón). Não foi encontrada relação entre o rendimento e o IAF (r = 0,07), e a associação do IAF e K foi muito bem explicada pela lei de Beer

Curvatura Da Superfície E Seu Efeito Na Variabilidade Espacial Dos Atributos Do Solo, Pinheiral - Rj/br

Understanding the spatial variability of soil chemical and physical attributes is important for improving management practices and soil conservation. In turn, the spatial variability of soil properties results from variation in morphological relief characteristics. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of landform curvature on the spatial variability of soil chemical and physical attributes in the Mar de Morros region (Pinheiral-Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). Two adjacent landforms were selected with convex and concave curvature and sampled in a regularly spaced grid of 10 meters. A total of 56 soil samples (0-5 cm depth) from the two landforms were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical attributes. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics. All chemical attributes showed random patterns of spatial variability in both landforms. The concave landform had higher values of pH and potassium and lower values of aluminum than the convex landform. In contrast, silt content showed spatial dependence in both the concave and convex landforms. Bulk density and clay showed spatial dependence in the convex landform. Bulk density and silt content increased from the shoulder to the footslope of both landforms. The results show that, for this study area, landform curvature has more influence on the spatial dependence of soil physical attributes than of soil chemical properties. © 2016, Federal University of Lavras. All rights reserved.22443143