Gender, race and parenthood impact academic productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic : from survey to action

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is altering dynamics in academia, and people juggling remote work and domestic demands – including childcare – have felt impacts on their productivity. Female authors have faced a decrease in paper submission rates since the beginning of the pandemic period. The reasons for this decline in women’s productivity need to be further investigated. Here, we analyzed the influence of gender, parenthood and race on academic productivity during the pandemic period based on a survey answered by 3,345 Brazilian academics from various knowledge areas and research institutions. Productivity was assessed by the ability to submit papers as planned and to meet deadlines during the initial period of social isolation in Brazil. The findings revealed that male academics – especially those without children – are the least affected group, whereas Black women and mothers are the most impacted groups. These impacts are likely a consequence of the well-known unequal division of domestic labor between men and women, which has been exacerbated during the pandemic. Additionally, our results highlight that racism strongly persists in academia, especially against Black women. The pandemic will have long-term effects on the career progression of the most affected groups. The results presented here are crucial for the development of actions and policies that aim to avoid further deepening the gender gap in academia

Maternity in the Brazilian CV Lattes : when will it become a reality?

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Alquimia, Ocultismo, Maçonaria: o ouro e o simbolismo hermético dos cadinhos (Séculos XVIII e XIX)

Este artigo apresenta a arqueologia das enigmáticas marcas impressas na base de cadinhos dos séculos XVIII e XIX recuperados nas escavações da Casa da Moeda do Rio de Janeiro, na década de 1980, e a explanação do seu significado simbólico à luz da alquimia, do ocultismo e da Maçonaria. Espraiando-se extraordinariamente mundo afora através de uma bem-sucedida estratégia de comunicação visual, a Maçonaria utilizou símbolos herméticos para a difusão de seus princípios nos mais diferentes suportes. Aparentemente estamos diante de um sinal de reconhecimento maçônico, o sinal exterior de uma organização oculta, só partilhado por iniciados e incompreensível para os demais, que contribuiu para difundir veladamente a doutrina maçônica por diferentes pontos do globo

Estudo de aglomerados estelares no complexo HII NGC 6357 com o VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea

Complexos de formação estelar são os principais blocos de formação das galáxias. O estudo da estrutura e do conteúdo estelar de aglomerados imersos nesses complexos permite conhecer melhor os processos de formação estelar na Galáxia, visto que a estrutura dos aglomerados estelares reflete a estrutura do gás denso onde eles se formaram. Neste trabalho estudamos a natureza de uma série aglomerados estelares imersos/ projetados no complexo de regiões HII e nuvens moleculares NGC 6357. A amostra consiste de 5 aglomerados imersos no complexo, 1 aglomerado de idade intermediária projetado no bordo de NGC 6357, além de 3 candidatos que necessitam de mais análises. Pismis 24 é o único aglomerado da amostra estudado previamente na literatura. Usamos fotometria nas bandas JHKs do VVV (VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey) complementada com a do 2MASS para estrelas saturadas. Utilizamos como ferramenta um algoritmo de descontaminação das estrelas de campo que revela a morfologia intrínseca do aglomerado. Os parâmetros fotométricos da amostra foram derivados a partir do diagrama cor magnitude (CMD), por meio do ajuste de isocronas de Padova de metalicidade solar, computada com os filtros J, H e Ks do VVV. Os parâmetros estruturais foram derivados por meio dos perfis de densidade radial (RDPs). Os perfis foram construídos com estrelas selecionadas após a aplicação filtro cor-magnitude (CM) sobre a fotometria observada, o qual isola estrelas com grande probabilidade de serem membros do aglomerado. A distância media dos aglomerados imersos no complexo nos permitiu estimar que NGC 6357 encontra-se a uma distancia de 1.76+0.1 kpc do Sol. Tal distância tem sido questão de debate na literatura. O aglomerado de idade intermediária descoberto possui 5±2 Gyr. Dois objetos imersos parecem ser subestruturas do aglomerado massivo Pismis 24. Concluímos que NGC 6357 possui pelo menos dois eventos de formação estelar da ordem de 5 e 9 Myr. Esta diferença de idade pode ajudar a compreender a história de formação estelar do complexo assim como a cinemática do gás.Star forming complexes are the major building blocks of galaxies. The study of the structure and stellar content of embedded clusters in these complexes allows us to better understand the processes of star formation in the Galaxy, since the structure of the star clusters reflects the structure of the dense gas in which they were formed. In this work we study the nature of a series of star clusters embedded or projected towards the complex of HII regions and molecular clouds NGC 6357. The sample consists of five clusters embedded in the complex, one intermediate-age cluster projected in the outskirts of NGC 6357, and four candidates that need further analyses. Pismis 24 is the only cluster of the sample previously studied in the literature. We use the VVV (VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey) photometry in the JHKs bands complemented with 2MASS for the saturated stars. We use an algorithm as a tool for field star decontamination which reveals the intrinsic morphology of the cluster. The photometric parameters of the sample were derived from the colour diagram magnitude (CMD) by means of solar-metallicity Padova isochrones computed with the VVV J, H and Ks filters. Structural parameters were derived by means of radial distribution profiles (RDPs). RDPs were built with stars selected after applying the colour-magnitude (CM) filter to the observed photometry, which insolates the stars with a high probability of being cluster members. The mean distance of the embedded clusters in the complex allowed us to estimate that NGC 6357 is at a distance of 1.76+0.1 kpc from the Sun. This distance has been a matter of debate in the literature. The discovered intermediate-age cluster has an age 5 ±2 Gyr. The two embedded objects seem be substructures of the massive cluster Pismis 24. We conclude that NGC 6357 has had at least two stellar generation events, range in the 5 to 9 Myr. This age difference may help to understand the star forming history of the complex as well as the gas kinematics

Estudo de aglomerados estelares no complexo HII NGC 6357 com o VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea

Complexos de formação estelar são os principais blocos de formação das galáxias. O estudo da estrutura e do conteúdo estelar de aglomerados imersos nesses complexos permite conhecer melhor os processos de formação estelar na Galáxia, visto que a estrutura dos aglomerados estelares reflete a estrutura do gás denso onde eles se formaram. Neste trabalho estudamos a natureza de uma série aglomerados estelares imersos/ projetados no complexo de regiões HII e nuvens moleculares NGC 6357. A amostra consiste de 5 aglomerados imersos no complexo, 1 aglomerado de idade intermediária projetado no bordo de NGC 6357, além de 3 candidatos que necessitam de mais análises. Pismis 24 é o único aglomerado da amostra estudado previamente na literatura. Usamos fotometria nas bandas JHKs do VVV (VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey) complementada com a do 2MASS para estrelas saturadas. Utilizamos como ferramenta um algoritmo de descontaminação das estrelas de campo que revela a morfologia intrínseca do aglomerado. Os parâmetros fotométricos da amostra foram derivados a partir do diagrama cor magnitude (CMD), por meio do ajuste de isocronas de Padova de metalicidade solar, computada com os filtros J, H e Ks do VVV. Os parâmetros estruturais foram derivados por meio dos perfis de densidade radial (RDPs). Os perfis foram construídos com estrelas selecionadas após a aplicação filtro cor-magnitude (CM) sobre a fotometria observada, o qual isola estrelas com grande probabilidade de serem membros do aglomerado. A distância media dos aglomerados imersos no complexo nos permitiu estimar que NGC 6357 encontra-se a uma distancia de 1.76+0.1 kpc do Sol. Tal distância tem sido questão de debate na literatura. O aglomerado de idade intermediária descoberto possui 5±2 Gyr. Dois objetos imersos parecem ser subestruturas do aglomerado massivo Pismis 24. Concluímos que NGC 6357 possui pelo menos dois eventos de formação estelar da ordem de 5 e 9 Myr. Esta diferença de idade pode ajudar a compreender a história de formação estelar do complexo assim como a cinemática do gás.Star forming complexes are the major building blocks of galaxies. The study of the structure and stellar content of embedded clusters in these complexes allows us to better understand the processes of star formation in the Galaxy, since the structure of the star clusters reflects the structure of the dense gas in which they were formed. In this work we study the nature of a series of star clusters embedded or projected towards the complex of HII regions and molecular clouds NGC 6357. The sample consists of five clusters embedded in the complex, one intermediate-age cluster projected in the outskirts of NGC 6357, and four candidates that need further analyses. Pismis 24 is the only cluster of the sample previously studied in the literature. We use the VVV (VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey) photometry in the JHKs bands complemented with 2MASS for the saturated stars. We use an algorithm as a tool for field star decontamination which reveals the intrinsic morphology of the cluster. The photometric parameters of the sample were derived from the colour diagram magnitude (CMD) by means of solar-metallicity Padova isochrones computed with the VVV J, H and Ks filters. Structural parameters were derived by means of radial distribution profiles (RDPs). RDPs were built with stars selected after applying the colour-magnitude (CM) filter to the observed photometry, which insolates the stars with a high probability of being cluster members. The mean distance of the embedded clusters in the complex allowed us to estimate that NGC 6357 is at a distance of 1.76+0.1 kpc from the Sun. This distance has been a matter of debate in the literature. The discovered intermediate-age cluster has an age 5 ±2 Gyr. The two embedded objects seem be substructures of the massive cluster Pismis 24. We conclude that NGC 6357 has had at least two stellar generation events, range in the 5 to 9 Myr. This age difference may help to understand the star forming history of the complex as well as the gas kinematics

Deriving reliable fundamental parameters of pre-main-sequence-rich star clusters affected by differential reddening

We present an approach that improves the search for reliable astrophysical parameters (e.g. age, mass and distance) of differentially reddened, pre-main-sequence-rich star clusters. It involves simulating conditions related to the early-cluster phases, in particular the differential and foreground reddenings, and internal age spread. Given the loose constraints imposed by these factors, the derivation of parameters based only on photometry may be uncertain, especially for the poorly populated clusters. We consider a wide range of cluster (i) mass and (ii) age, and different values of (iii) distance modulus, (iv) differential and (v) foreground reddenings. Photometric errors and their relation with magnitude are also taken into account. We also investigate how the presence of unresolved binaries affect the derived parameters. For each set of (i)–(v) we build the corresponding model Hess diagram, and compute the root mean squared residual with respect to the observed Hess diagram. The parameters that produce the minimum residuals between model and observed Hess diagrams are searched by exploring the full parameter space of (i)–(v) by means of brute force, which may be time consuming but efficient. Control tests show that an adequate convergence is achieved allowing for solutions with residuals 10 per cent higher than the absolute minimum. Compared to a colour–magnitude diagram containing only single stars, the presence of 100 per cent of unresolved binaries has little effect on cluster age, foreground and differential reddenings; significant differences show up in the cluster mass and distance from the Sun. Our approach proves to be successful in minimizing the subjectiveness when deriving fundamental parameters of young star clusters

Deriving reliable fundamental parameters of pre-main-sequence-rich star clusters affected by differential reddening

We present an approach that improves the search for reliable astrophysical parameters (e.g. age, mass and distance) of differentially reddened, pre-main-sequence-rich star clusters. It involves simulating conditions related to the early-cluster phases, in particular the differential and foreground reddenings, and internal age spread. Given the loose constraints imposed by these factors, the derivation of parameters based only on photometry may be uncertain, especially for the poorly populated clusters. We consider a wide range of cluster (i) mass and (ii) age, and different values of (iii) distance modulus, (iv) differential and (v) foreground reddenings. Photometric errors and their relation with magnitude are also taken into account. We also investigate how the presence of unresolved binaries affect the derived parameters. For each set of (i)–(v) we build the corresponding model Hess diagram, and compute the root mean squared residual with respect to the observed Hess diagram. The parameters that produce the minimum residuals between model and observed Hess diagrams are searched by exploring the full parameter space of (i)–(v) by means of brute force, which may be time consuming but efficient. Control tests show that an adequate convergence is achieved allowing for solutions with residuals 10 per cent higher than the absolute minimum. Compared to a colour–magnitude diagram containing only single stars, the presence of 100 per cent of unresolved binaries has little effect on cluster age, foreground and differential reddenings; significant differences show up in the cluster mass and distance from the Sun. Our approach proves to be successful in minimizing the subjectiveness when deriving fundamental parameters of young star clusters

Unveiling hidden properties of young star clusters : differential reddening, star-formation spread, and binary fraction

Context. Usually, important parameters of young, low-mass star clusters are very difficult to obtain by means of photometry, especially when differential reddening and/or binaries occur in large amounts. Aims. We present a semi-analytical approach (ASAmin) that, when applied to the Hess diagram of a young star cluster, is able to retrieve the values of mass, age, star-formation spread, distance modulus, foreground and differential reddening, and binary fraction. Methods. The global optimisation method known as adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) is used to minimise the residuals between the observed and simulated Hess diagrams of a star cluster. The simulations are realistic and take the most relevant parameters of young clusters into account. Important features of the simulations are a normal (Gaussian) differential reddening distribution, a time-decreasing star-formation rate, the unresolved binaries, and the smearing effect produced by photometric uncertainties on Hess diagrams. Free parameters are cluster mass, age, distance modulus, star-formation spread, foreground and differential reddening, and binary fraction. Results. Tests with model clusters built with parameters spanning a broad range of values show that ASAmin retrieves the input values with a high precision for cluster mass, distance modulus, and foreground reddening, but they are somewhat lower for the remaining parameters. Given the statistical nature of the simulations, several runs should be performed to obtain significant convergence patterns. Specifically, we find that the retrieved (absolute minimum) parameters converge to mean values with a low dispersion as the Hess residuals decrease. When applied to actual young clusters, the retrieved parameters follow convergence patterns similar to the models. We show how the stochasticity associated with the early phases may affect the results, especially in low-mass clusters. This effect can be minimised by averaging out several twin clusters in the simulated Hess diagrams. Conclusions. Even for low-mass star clusters, ASAmin is sensitive to the values of cluster mass, age, distance modulus, star-formation spread, foreground and differential reddening, and to a lesser degree, binary fraction. Compared with simpler approaches, including binaries, a decaying star-formation rate, and a normally distributed differential reddening appears to yield more constrained parameters, especially the mass, age, and distance from the Sun. A robust determination of cluster parameters may have a positive impact on many fields. For instance, age, mass, and binary fraction are important for establishing the dynamical state of a cluster or for deriving a more precise star-formation rate in the Galaxy

Unveiling hidden properties of young star clusters : differential reddening, star-formation spread, and binary fraction

Context. Usually, important parameters of young, low-mass star clusters are very difficult to obtain by means of photometry, especially when differential reddening and/or binaries occur in large amounts. Aims. We present a semi-analytical approach (ASAmin) that, when applied to the Hess diagram of a young star cluster, is able to retrieve the values of mass, age, star-formation spread, distance modulus, foreground and differential reddening, and binary fraction. Methods. The global optimisation method known as adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) is used to minimise the residuals between the observed and simulated Hess diagrams of a star cluster. The simulations are realistic and take the most relevant parameters of young clusters into account. Important features of the simulations are a normal (Gaussian) differential reddening distribution, a time-decreasing star-formation rate, the unresolved binaries, and the smearing effect produced by photometric uncertainties on Hess diagrams. Free parameters are cluster mass, age, distance modulus, star-formation spread, foreground and differential reddening, and binary fraction. Results. Tests with model clusters built with parameters spanning a broad range of values show that ASAmin retrieves the input values with a high precision for cluster mass, distance modulus, and foreground reddening, but they are somewhat lower for the remaining parameters. Given the statistical nature of the simulations, several runs should be performed to obtain significant convergence patterns. Specifically, we find that the retrieved (absolute minimum) parameters converge to mean values with a low dispersion as the Hess residuals decrease. When applied to actual young clusters, the retrieved parameters follow convergence patterns similar to the models. We show how the stochasticity associated with the early phases may affect the results, especially in low-mass clusters. This effect can be minimised by averaging out several twin clusters in the simulated Hess diagrams. Conclusions. Even for low-mass star clusters, ASAmin is sensitive to the values of cluster mass, age, distance modulus, star-formation spread, foreground and differential reddening, and to a lesser degree, binary fraction. Compared with simpler approaches, including binaries, a decaying star-formation rate, and a normally distributed differential reddening appears to yield more constrained parameters, especially the mass, age, and distance from the Sun. A robust determination of cluster parameters may have a positive impact on many fields. For instance, age, mass, and binary fraction are important for establishing the dynamical state of a cluster or for deriving a more precise star-formation rate in the Galaxy