Evidence for a fractional quantum Hall state with anisotropic longitudinal transport

At high magnetic fields, where the Fermi level lies in the N=0 lowest Landau level (LL), a clean two-dimensional electron system (2DES) exhibits numerous incompressible liquid phases which display the fractional quantized Hall effect (FQHE) (Das Sarma and Pinczuk, 1997). These liquid phases do not break rotational symmetry, exhibiting resistivities which are isotropic in the plane. In contrast, at lower fields, when the Fermi level lies in the $N\ge2$ third and several higher LLs, the 2DES displays a distinctly different class of collective states. In particular, near half filling of these high LLs the 2DES exhibits a strongly anisotropic longitudinal resistance at low temperatures (Lilly et al., 1999; Du et al., 1999). These "stripe" phases, which do not exhibit the quantized Hall effect, resemble nematic liquid crystals, possessing broken rotational symmetry and orientational order (Koulakov et al., 1996; Fogler et al., 1996; Moessner and Chalker, 1996; Fradkin and Kivelson, 1999; Fradkin et al, 2010). Here we report a surprising new observation: An electronic configuration in the N=1 second LL whose resistivity tensor simultaneously displays a robust fractionally quantized Hall plateau and a strongly anisotropic longitudinal resistance resembling that of the stripe phases.Comment: Nature Physics, (2011

Doppler velocimetry of spin propagation in a two-dimensional electron gas

Controlling the flow of electrons by manipulation of their spin is a key to the development of spin-based electronics. While recent demonstrations of electrical-gate control in spin-transistor configurations show great promise, operation at room temperature remains elusive. Further progress requires a deeper understanding of the propagation of spin polarization, particularly in the high mobility semiconductors used for devices. Here we report the application of Doppler velocimetry to resolve the motion of spin-polarized electrons in GaAs quantum wells driven by a drifting Fermi sea. We find that the spin mobility tracks the high electron mobility precisely as a function of T. However, we also observe that the coherent precession of spins driven by spin-orbit interaction, which is essential for the operation of a broad class of spin logic devices, breaks down at temperatures above 150 K for reasons that are not understood theoretically

Toward High-Precision Measures of Large-Scale Structure

I review some results of estimation of the power spectrum of density fluctuations from galaxy redshift surveys and discuss advances that may be possible with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I then examine the realities of power spectrum estimation in the presence of Galactic extinction, photometric errors, galaxy evolution, clustering evolution, and uncertainty about the background cosmology.Comment: 24 pages, including 11 postscript figures. Uses crckapb.sty (included in submission). To appear in ``Ringberg Workshop on Large-Scale Structure,'' ed D. Hamilton (Kluwer, Amsterdam), p. 39

Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background

The origin of the hard (2-10 keV) X-ray background has remained mysterious for over 35 years. Most of the soft (0.5-2 keV) X-ray background has been resolved into discrete sources, which are primarily quasars; however, these sources do not have the flat spectral shape required to match the X-ray background spectrum. Here we report the results of an X-ray survey 30 times more sensitive than previous studies in the hard band and four times more sensitive in the soft band. The sources detected in our survey account for at least 75 per cent of the hard X-ray background. The mean X-ray spectrum of these sources is in good agreement with that of the background. The X-ray emission from the majority of the detected sources is unambiguously associated with either the nuclei of otherwise normal bright galaxies or optically faint sources, which could either be active nuclei of dust enshrouded galaxies or the first quasars at very high redshifts.Comment: Nature article in pres

Imaging Electronic Correlations in Twisted Bilayer Graphene near the Magic Angle

Twisted bilayer graphene with a twist angle of around 1.1{\deg} features a pair of isolated flat electronic bands and forms a strongly correlated electronic platform. Here, we use scanning tunneling microscopy to probe local properties of highly tunable twisted bilayer graphene devices and show that the flat bands strongly deform when aligned with the Fermi level. At half filling of the bands, we observe the development of gaps originating from correlated insulating states. Near charge neutrality, we find a previously unidentified correlated regime featuring a substantially enhanced flat band splitting that we describe within a microscopic model predicting a strong tendency towards nematic ordering. Our results provide insights into symmetry breaking correlation effects and highlight the importance of electronic interactions for all filling factors in twisted bilayer graphene.Comment: Main text 9 pages, 4 figures; Supplementary Information 25 page

Effects of a dual CCR3 and H1-antagonist on symptoms and eosinophilic inflammation in allergic rhinitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The CC-chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) has emerged as a target molecule for pharmacological intervention in allergic inflammation.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>To examine whether a dual CCR3 and H₁-receptor antagonist (AZD3778) affects allergic inflammation and symptoms in allergic rhinitis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were subjected to three seven days' allergen challenge series. Treatment with AZD3778 was given in a placebo and antihistamine-controlled design. Symptoms and nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were monitored in the morning, ten minutes post challenge, and in the evening. Nasal lavages were carried out at the end of each challenge series and α₂-macroglobulin, ECP, and tryptase were monitored as indices of allergic inflammation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plasma levels of AZD3778 were stable throughout the treatment series. AZD3778 and the antihistamine (loratadine) reduced rhinitis symptoms recorded ten minutes post challenge during this period. AZD3778, but not the anti-histamine, also improved nasal PIF ten minutes post challenge. Furthermore, scores for morning and evening nasal symptoms from the last five days of the allergen challenge series showed statistically significant reductions for AZD3778, but not for loratadine. ECP was reduced by AZD3778, but not by loratadine.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>AZD3778 exerts anti-eosinophil and symptom-reducing effects in allergic rhinitis and part of this effect can likely be attributed to CCR3-antagonism. The present data are of interest with regard to the potential use of AZD3778 in allergic rhinitis and to the relative importance of eosinophil actions to the symptomatology of allergic rhinitis.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>EudraCT No: 2005-002805-21.</p

Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Finite-Height Cylinder

[EN] This paper presents a large eddy simulation of forced convection heat transfer in the flow around a surface-mounted finite-height circular cylinder. The study was carried out for a cylinder with height-to-diameter ratio of 2.5, a Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter of 44 000 and a Prandtl number of 1. Only the surface of the cylinder is heated while the bottom wall and the inflow are kept at a lower fixed temperature. The approach flow boundary layer had a thickness of about 10% of the cylinder height. Local and averaged heat transfer coefficients are presented. The heat transfer coefficient is strongly affected by the free-end of the cylinder. As a result of the flow over the top being downwashed behind the cylinder, a vortex-shedding process does not occur in the upper part, leading to a lower value of the local heat transfer coefficient in that region. In the lower region, vortex-shedding takes place leading to higher values of the local heat transfer coefficient. The circumferentially averaged heat transfer coefficient is 20 % higher near the ground than near the top of the cylinder. The spreading and dilution of the mean temperature field in the wake of the cylinder are also discussed.The simulation was carried out using the supercomputing facilities of the Steinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. MGV has been partially supported by grant TRA2012-37714 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.García Villalba, M.; Palau-Salvador, G.; Rodi, W. (2014). Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Finite-Height Cylinder. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. 93(1):171-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-014-9543-7S171187931Ames, F., Dvorak, L.: Turbulent transport in pin fin arrays: experimental data and predictions. J. Turbomach. 128(1), 71–81 (2006)Armstrong, J., Winstanley, D.: A review of staggered array pin fin heat transfer for turbine cooling applications. J. Turbomach. 110, 94 (1988)Breuer, M., Rodi, W.: Large eddy simulation of complex turbulent flows of practical interest. In: Hirschel, E. (ed.) Flow Simulation with High Performance Computers II, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 52, pp 258–274. Vieweg, Braunschweig (1996)Chen, S., Sanitjai, S., Ghosh, K., Goldstein, R.: Three-dimensional vortex flow near the endwall of a short cylinder in crossflow: uniform-diameter circular cylinder. Appl. Therm. Eng. 49, 73–78 (2012)Delibra, G., Hanjalic, K., Borello, D., Rispoli, F.: Vortex structures and heat transfer in a wall-bounded pin matrix: LES with a RANS wall-treatment. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 31(5), 740–753 (2010)Denev, J.A., Fröhlich, J., Bockhorn, H.: Large eddy simulation of a swirling transverse jet into a crossflow with investigation of scalar transport. Phys. Fluids 21, 015101 (2009)Donnert, G.D., Kappler, M., Rodi, W.: Measurement of tracer concentration in the flow around finite-height cylinders. J. Turbul. 8, 33 (2007)Frederich, O., Thiele, F.: Turbulent flow dynamics caused by a truncated cylinder. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 32(3), 546–557 (2011)Fröhlich, J., García-Villalba, M., Rodi, W.: Scalar mixing and large–scale coherent structures in a turbulent swirling jet. Flow Turbul. Combust. 80, 47–59 (2008)Fröhlich, J., Rodi, W.: LES of the flow around a cylinder of finite height. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 25, 537–548 (2004)García-Villalba, M., Fröhlich, J.: LES of a free annular swirling jet–Dependence of coherent structures on a pilot jet and the level of swirl. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 27(5), 911–923 (2006)García-Villalba, M., Li, N., Rodi, W., Leschziner, M.A.: Large eddy simulation of separated flow over a three-dimensional axisymmetric hill. J. Fluid Mech. 627, 55–96 (2009)Germano, M., Piomelli, U., Moin, P., Cabot, W.: A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Phys. Fluids 3, 1760–1765 (1991)Hinckel, J.N., Nagamatsu, H.T.: Heat transfer in the stagnation region of the junction of a circular cylinder perpendicular to a flat plate. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 29(7), 999–1005 (1986)Hinterberger, C.: Dreidimensionale und tiefengemittelte Large-eddy-simulation von flachwasserströmungen. University of Karlsruhe (2004). Ph.D. thesisHölscher, N., Niemann, H.J.: Some aspects about the flow around a surface-mounted circular cylinder in a turbulent shear flow. In: Proceedings of 6th Symp. Int. Turbulent Shear Flows, ToulouseKrajnovic, S.: Flow around a tall finite cylinder explored by large eddy simulation. J. Fluid Mech. 676, 294–317 (2011)Lilly, D.: A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure method. Phys. Fluids 4, 633–635 (1992)Morgan, V.T.: The overall convective heat transfer from smooth circular cylinders. Adv. Heat Tran. 11, 199–264 (1975)Ničeno, B., Dronkers, A., Hanjalić, K.: Turbulent heat transfer from a multi-layered wall-mounted cube matrix: a large eddy simulation. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 23(2), 173–185 (2002)Palau-Salvador, G., García-Villalba, M., Rodi, W.: Scalar transport from point sources in the flow around a finite-height cylinder. Environ. Fluid Mech. 11, 611–625 (2011)Palau-Salvador, G., Stoesser, T., Fröhlich, J., Kappler, M., Rodi, W.: Large-eddy simulations and experiments of flow around finite-height cylinders. Flow Turbul. Combust. 84, 239–275 (2010)Pattenden, R., Turnock, S., Zhang, X.: Measurements of the flow over a low-aspect ratio cylinder mounted on a ground plate. Exp. Fluids 39, 10–21 (2005)Pierce, C.: Progress-variable approach for large-eddy simulation of turbulent combustion. Stanford University (2001). Ph.D. thesisPopovac, M., Hanjalic, K.: Vortices and heat flux around a wall-mounted cube cooled simultaneously by a jet and a crossflow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52, 4047–4062 (2009)Rhie, C., Chow, W.: Numerical study of the turbulent flow past an airfoil with trailing edge separation. AIAA J. 21(11), 1061–1068 (1983)Rostamy, N., Sumner, D., Bergstrom, D.J., Bugg, J.D.: Local flow field of a surface-mounted finite circular cylinder. J. Fluids Struct. 34, 105–122 (2012)Sanitjai, S., Goldstein, R.J.: Forced convection heat transfer from a circular cylinder in crossflow to air and liquids. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran 47, 4795–4805 (2004)Sanitjai, S., Goldstein, R.J.: Heat transfer from a circular cylinder to mixtures of water and ethylene glycol. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 47, 4785–4794 (2004)Sparrow, E.M., Stahl, T.J., Traub, P.: Heat transfer adjacent to the attached end of a cylinder in crossflow. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 27(2), 233–242 (1984)Stone, H.: Iterative solution of implicit approximations of multidimensional partial differential equations for finite difference Methods. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 5, 530–558 (1968)Sumner, D.: Flow above the free end of a surface-mounted finite-height circular cylinder: a review. J. Fluids Struct. 43, 41–63 (2013)Tsutsui, T., Igarashi, T., Nakamura, H.: Fluid flow and heat transfer around a cylindrical protuberance mounted on a flat plate boundary layer. JSME Ser. B 43(2), 279–287 (2000)Tsutsui, T., Kawahara, M.: Heat transfer around a cylindrical protuberance mounted in a plane turbulent boundary layer. J. Heat Tran. 128, 153–161 (2006)Tutar, M., Akkoca, A.: Numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in three-dimensional plate fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Num. Heat Tran. A 46, 301–321 (2004)Zhu, J.: Low diffusive and oscillation–free convection scheme. Comm. Appl. Num. Meth. 7, 225–232 (1991)Zukauskas, A.A.: Heat transfer from tubes in cross-flow. Adv. Heat Tran. 8, 93–160 (1972

The Hubbard model within the equations of motion approach

The Hubbard model has a special role in Condensed Matter Theory as it is considered as the simplest Hamiltonian model one can write in order to describe anomalous physical properties of some class of real materials. Unfortunately, this model is not exactly solved except for some limits and therefore one should resort to analytical methods, like the Equations of Motion Approach, or to numerical techniques in order to attain a description of its relevant features in the whole range of physical parameters (interaction, filling and temperature). In this manuscript, the Composite Operator Method, which exploits the above mentioned analytical technique, is presented and systematically applied in order to get information about the behavior of all relevant properties of the model (local, thermodynamic, single- and two- particle ones) in comparison with many other analytical techniques, the above cited known limits and numerical simulations. Within this approach, the Hubbard model is shown to be also capable to describe some anomalous behaviors of the cuprate superconductors.Comment: 232 pages, more than 300 figures, more than 500 reference

Spectrum of HLA associations: the case of medically refractory pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Although studies of HLA and disease now date back some 50 years, a principled understanding of that relationship has been slow to emerge. Here, we examine the associations of three HLA loci with medically refractory pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL) patients in a case–control study involving 2,438 cases and 41,750 controls. An analysis of alleles from the class I loci, HLA-A and HLA-B, and the class II locus DRB1 illuminates a spectrum of extremely significant allelic associations conferring both predisposition and protection. Genotypes constructed from predisposing, protective, and neutral allelic categories point to an additive mode of disease causation. For all three loci, genotypes homozygous for predisposing alleles are at highest disease risk while the favorable effect of homozygous protective genotypes is less striking. Analysis of A–B and B–DRB1 haplotypes reveals locus-specific differences in disease effects, while that all three loci influence pALL; the influence of HLA-B is greater than that of HLA-A, and the predisposing effect of DRB1 exceeds that of HLA-B. We propose that the continuum in disease susceptibility suggests a system in which many alleles take part in disease predisposition based on differences in binding affinity to one or a few peptides of exogenous origin. This work provides evidence that an immune response mediated by alleles from several HLA loci plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pALL, adding to the numerous studies pointing to a role for an infectious origin in pALL

Metabolic and miRNA Profiling of TMV Infected Plants Reveals Biphasic Temporal Changes

Plant viral infections induce changes including gene expression and metabolic components. Identification of metabolites and microRNAs (miRNAs) differing in abundance along infection may provide a broad view of the pathways involved in signaling and defense that orchestrate and execute the response in plant-pathogen interactions. We used a systemic approach by applying both liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to determine the relative level of metabolites across the viral infection, together with a miRs profiling using a micro-array based procedure. Systemic changes in metabolites were characterized by a biphasic response after infection. The first phase, detected at one dpi, evidenced the action of a systemic signal since no virus was detected systemically. Several of the metabolites increased at this stage were hormone-related. miRs profiling after infection also revealed a biphasic alteration, showing miRs alteration at 5 dpi where no virus was detected systemically and a late phase correlating with virus accumulation. Correlation analyses revealed a massive increase in the density of correlation networks after infection indicating a complex reprogramming of the regulatory pathways, either in response to the plant defense mechanism or to the virus infection itself. Our data propose the involvement of a systemic signaling on early miRs alteration