Propiedades fisicoquímicas, tecnofuncionales y morfológicas de almidones extraídos de clones de papa nativa (Solanum tuberosum) cultivados en la provincia de Andahuaylas

—Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, tecnofuncionales y morfológicas, de almidones obtenidos a partir de clones de papa nativa (Solanum tuberosum), que fueron proporcionados por la empresa SEMPAL y codificados como clon Y1, Y2 y Y3. Éstos presentaron tamaños homogéneos, pesos variados y pesos específicos altos. Se utilizaron métodos directos e indirectos para las determinaciones, la propiedad física de rendimiento de extracción de almidones osciló entre 20 y 28%, los valores de viscosidad variaron entre 1525,03 a 1550,01 cP, la actividad de agua entre 0,18 y 0,21 y el índice de finura entre 2,20 y 2,42 %. Respecto a las propiedades tecnofuncionales de los almidones, el IAA varió de 6,51 a 6,71 g gel/g muestra, el ISA de 13,03 a 17,69 %, el PH de 17,69 a 17,91 g de agua/g de almidón, la temperatura de gelatinización de 67,50 a 70,33 °C y la densidad aparente de 0,78 a 0,82 g/ml. El tamaño de los gránulos de los almidones extraídos, varió entre 26,17-39,38 micras para el eje mayor y entre 19,90-32,03 micras para el eje menor. En la industria alimentaria existe interés en utilizar almidones nativos como ingredientes y no como aditivos. Los almidones nativos de los clones de papa estudiados, presentaron propiedades fisicoquímicas, tecnofuncionales y morfológicas que la caracterizan como un buen ingrediente para su uso en ésta industria

BIM en el diseño y construcción de plantas agroindustriales

Actualmente en el Perú existe un déficit en infraestructura productiva, en especial en industrias que se dediquen a la transformación de materias primas, lo cual es un problema a la hora de abastecer mercados internacionales y por tanto una barrera al desarrollo económico, en el presente artículo de revisión, se analiza la aplicación del BIM (building information modelling) en el diseño y construcción de plantas agroindustriales. En términos generales el BIM es el modelado de información para la construcción, se aplica ampliamente en el mundo y el país no es la excepción, se trata de un modelo tecnológico para la gestión eficiente de los recursos de un proyecto, utilizando diferentes herramientas virtuales que permiten una optimización de tiempos y costos, además se logra un trabajo colaborativo entre todos los “stakeholders”. La aplicación del BIM en el diseño y ejecución de plantas agroindustriales es posible, debido a que es una actividad que se desarrolla de manera multidisciplinaria y utiliza ingeniería básica, conceptual y de detalle, se reconoce que la fase más importante es el diseño, debido a que en ella es donde se intercambian más ideas y el flujo de información es más dinámica, durante la fase de ejecución los modelos 4D y 5D son apropiados para implementarlos en naves agroindustriales que utilizan módulos y retículas en su estructura. Finalmente, se conocen algunas experiencias de su implementación en plantas agroindustriales del Perú, la literatura actual recomienda su uso en diferentes tipos de proyectos, junto a otras metodologías modernas como el PMI, NEC, G2G, XR entre otros

Cafeína y barrido UV-Vis y el índice de calidad de agua en la microcuenca altoandina del río Chumbao, Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Perú

Las fuentes de agua superficial son recursos para las actividades socioeconómicas, sin embargo estas causan alteración y deterioro, este impacto es medido por el índice de calidad del agua (ICA) y recientemente por contaminantes emergentes. El objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de cafeína y el ICA, en la micro cuenca altoandina del rio Chumbao, situada entre 73°38' - 73°11'O y 13°49' - 13°34'S, de 4 800 a 2 000 msnm y área 767,4 km2 . Se evaluó el ICA según la NSF y Dinius considerando parámetros: Nivel de oxigeno (OD y DBO5), Nivel de eutrofización (NO3- y PO4- ), Características físicas (Temperatura, Turbidez, Color y TDS), Sustancias disueltas (Alcalinidad, Dureza, pH, Conductividad y Cloruros), Aspectos de salud (E. coli y Coliformes); la cafeína se determinó por la cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC); el muestreo fue en temporada de avenidas, en 02 puntos lénticos y 08 lóticos. Se encontró que el uso predominante del agua es para agricultura, pastura y urbanización; la microcuenca presenta pendientes de 5,4 % (18,3 km), 2,2 % (11,8 km) y 4,3 % (5,6 km), los parámetros muestran correlación Rs positiva (p-value < 0,05), superando los estándares de calidad para vida acuática en los puntos urbanizados. No se detectó niveles de cafeína (n.d.>1,09 μg/L). El ICA según NSF y Dinius muestra dos categorías Buena y Muy mala para puntos lóticos; y excelente para las lagunas de la cabecera de cuenca, estas características se evidenciaron por un barrido UV-Vis de 200 a 700 nm

Heavy metal removal by biopolymers-based formulations with native potato starch/nopal mucilage

The contamination of water bodies by heavy metals is a critical problem for human health and ecosystems, and it can bioaccumulate in organisms to toxic levels and even lead to the living being’s death. This research aimed to synthesize and characterize a biopolymer with the capacity to remove heavy metals in wastewater, elaborated from potato starch, glycerin, and nopal mucilage. Native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety was extracted by conventional methods; the mucilage was extracted with ethanol. Four formulations of biopolymers were synthesized at 60 and 70 °C. The solubility, structural characteristics, and adsorption capacity of heavy metals were evaluated. Starch, mucilage, and biopolymers presented predominant functional groups as -OH, -C-O-, -NH-, -C-H-, -C-OH determined by FTIR, allowing to remove up to 50.18% of Al, 56.81% of As, 35.95% of Cr, 37.43% of Hg and 73.22% of Pb determined through an ICPE-OES, for a contact time of 100 minutes at pH 5.0, heavy metal removal and solubility were significantly influenced (p-value < 0.05) by the addition of starch and mucilage. The synthesized biopolymers present a high capacity for heavy metal removal in wastewate

Water quality index in the high-andean micro-basin of the Chumbao river, Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Perú

The water quality index (WQI) of a water body, indicates the degree of contamination for a given use, and it is related to the anthropic activities that they provoke around. The objective was to determine the WQI, in the high-Andean micro-basin of the Chumbao River, Andahuaylas, Peru. The section of study was included between the head of the basin (13°46'42.5" S, 73°13'50.0" W and 4 295 m of altitude), and last sampling point (13°35'26.4" S, 73°27'0.8" W and 2 529 m of altitude), with an average slope of 4%. The WQI Dinius was evaluated considering parameters such as oxygen level (DO and BOD5), eutrophication level (NO3 - and PO4 3-), physical characteristics (temperature, turbidity, color and TDS), dissolved substances (alkalinity, hardness, pH, conductivity and chlorides), and microbiological parameters (E. coli and total coliforms); it was sampled during the avenues season (02 lentic points and 08 lotics). The data were collected in triplicate, and analyzed through an ANOVA, Tukey test and Pearson's correlation at 5% significance. It was found that the predominant use of river water is for agriculture, pasture and urbanization; the WQI is divided into three categories Excellent (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) close to the head of the micro-basin and the lentic points (Pampahuasi and Paccoccocha lagoons), Acceptable (M6), and excessively contaminated points M7 and M8 outside the urban area downstream (p-value < 0.05); presenting a good negative correlation with the study parameters. In conclusion, the water in areas of low population density is good

The influence of anthropogenic activities on the concentration of pesticides, physicochemical and microbiological properties in the Chumbao river, Andahuaylas, Perú

The province of Andahuaylas is located in the region of Apurimac, a Peruvian city located in the Andes. Andahuaylas has three important districts: San Jerónimo, Andahuaylas and Talavera. These areas are highly populated, and their buildings are close to the Chumbao River. This research aimed to determine the influence of anthropogenic activities on the concentration of pesticides, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics in the Chumbao River. Five agricultural activities, 19 organochlorine pesticides, and 25 organophosphorus pesticides were studied. Eighteen physicochemical properties and two microbiological properties were also studied at seven sampling points along the Chumbao River during the rainy and dry seasons. Several veterinary and agricultural products were identified in the agricultural activities studied. However, no significant concentration values of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were found; no weed control products were found. In the case of livestock farming, albendazole and ivermectin are frequently used as anthelmintics. Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides are used to control flies and other ectoparasites. Several pesticides have been identified in the surveys in the case of quinoa, potato, and corn crops. Some of the physicochemical and microbiological properties are above environmental quality standards according to current Peruvian regulations; these properties increase at points where wastewater is discharged directly into the river. The study evidenced a progressive deterioration of water quality in the Chumbao River caused by anthropic activities in the basin. These may cause infectious and parasitic diseases in the urban population of the Chumbao river valley

Study of the pollution by surfactants in a river of a high Andean micro basin

The surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is used in large quantities in modern society, and wastewater containing it can contaminate groundwaters through runoff and sewers. The study aimed to determine the level of LAS in the Huatanay river; in Cusco city, Peru. Water samples were taken from nine points along the river, in the rainy and dry season in 2018. LAS surfactants were determined spectrometrically using methylene blue as indicator; dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity were also determined; both were correlated through Pearson coefficient at 5% significance, and analyzed in triplicate. The concentration of LAS in the dry season varied between 0.01 to 23.17 mg/L and in rains from 0.09 to 1.47 mg/L; the DO level shows values between 0.11 to 5.04 mg O2/L, and the conductivity varied from 777.7 to 2688.9 µS/cm. In conclusion, high levels of LAS considerably decrease the DO and increase the conductivit

Evaluación de las isotermas de sorción de granos y harina de kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus)

The main objective was to evaluate the adsorption isotherms of grain and flour amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) varieties Oscar White, Noel Vietmeyer and CICA, it was used gravimetric method for static intervals relative humidity 10 to 90% at temperatures of were studied 11 mathematical models and they were modeled to experimental data through RNL, taking as a convergence criterion the correlation coefficient R2 and the average relative error %E, thus the model of Adam and Shove present best fit for grains of amaranth, while the flour was Peleg model. Was also observed that the storage temperature influences significantly (p value&lt;0.05) in the equilibrium moisture (Xe) grain and flour amaranth. The heat isosteric of adsorption oscillates between 6.340 to 0.235 kJ/g for moisture content of 0.06 to 0.15 g/g m.s. for the variety grain Oscar Blanco, for variety Noel Vietmeyer oscillates between 2.556 to 0.518 kJ/g for moisture of 0.04 to 0.12 g/g m.s., and for grain CICA of 4.645 to 0.176 kJ/g for moisture of 0.06 to 0.14 g/g m.s, as for the flour of the variety Oscar Blanco is between 32.028 to 1.99 kJ/g for moisture content of 0.05 to 0.12 g /g m.s, and for variety Noel Vietmeyer of 26.992 to 0.648 kJ/g for moisture of de 0.06 to 0.20 g/g m.s.O objetivo principal foi avaliar as isotermas de sorção de grãos e farinha de amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus) das variedades Oscar Blanco, Noel Vietmeyer e CICA, utilizou-se o método estático gravimétrico para intervalos de humidade relativa de 10 a 90% a temperaturas de 18, 20, 25 e 30 °C. Estudaram-se 11 modelos matemáticos e modelaram-se a dados experimentais através de RNL tomando como critério de convergência o coeficiente de correlação R2 e o erro médio relativo %E, assim o modelo de Aldam e Shove apresento melhor ajuste para os grãos de amaranto, enquanto para a farinha foi o modelo de Peleg. Assim mesmo observou-se que a temperatura de armazenamento influi significativamente (p-value&lt;0,05) na humidade de equilíbrio (Xe) dos grãos e farinha de amaranto. O calor isostérico de sorção varia entre 6,340 a 0,235 KJ/g para humidades de 0,06 a 0,15 g de água/g m.s. para os grãos da variedade Oscar Blanco, para a variedade Noel Vietmeyer varia entre 2,556 a 0,518 KJ/g para humidades de 0,04 a 0,12 g de água/g m.s., e para o grão CICA de 4,645 a 0,176 KJ/g para humidades de 0,06 a 0,14 g de água/g m.s., enquanto para a farinha da variedade Oscar Blanco encontra-se entre 32,028 a 1,99 KJ/g para humidades de 0,05 a 0,12 g de água/g m.s., e para a variedade Noel Vietmeyer de 26,992 a 0,648 KJ/g para humidades de 0,06 a 0,20 g de água/g m.s.El objetivo principal fue evaluar las isotermas de sorción de granos y harina de kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) de las variedades Oscar Blanco, Noel Vietmeyer y CICA, se utilizó el método estático gravimétrico para intervalos de humedad relativa de 10 a 90% a temperaturas de 18, 20, 25 y 30 °C. Se estudiaron 11 modelos matemáticos y se modelaron a datos experimentales a través de RNL tomando como criterio de convergencia el coeficiente de correlación R2 y el error medio relativo %E, así el modelo de Adam y Shove presentó mejor ajuste para los granos de kiwicha, mientras que para la harina fue el modelo de Peleg. Asimismo, se observó que la temperatura de almacenamiento influye significativamente (p-value&lt;0,05) en la humedad de equilibrio (Xe) de los granos y harina de kiwicha. El calor isostérico de adsorción oscila entre 6,340 a 0,235 KJ/g para humedades de 0,06 a 0,15 g de agua/g m.s. para los granos de la variedad Oscar Blanco, para la variedad Noel Vietmeyer oscila entre 2,556 a 0,518 KJ/g para humedades de 0,04 a 0,12 g de agua/g m.s., y para el grano CICA de 4,645 a 0,176 KJ/g para humedades de 0,06 a 0,14 g de agua/g m.s, en tanto que para la harina de la variedad Oscar Blanco se encuentra entre 32,028 a 1,99 KJ/g para humedades de 0,05 a 0,12 g de agua/g m.s., y para la variedad Noel Vietmeyer de 26,992 a 0,648 KJ/g para humedades de 0,06 a 0,20 g de agua/g m.s

Rheological and functional properties of dark chocolate with partial substitution of peanuts and sacha inchi

Chocolate is a widely consumed product, due to the contribution of fats and antioxidant compounds; the addition of other components makes it possible to increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, although they can affect its rheological properties. The influence of the partial addition of peanut paste and Sacha Inchi on the rheological and functional properties of dark chocolate was evaluated. Cocoa beans, peanuts, and Sacha Inchi were refined in order to obtain the cocoa paste (PC), peanut paste (PM), and Sacha Inchi paste (PSI). Then, mixtures between 0 to 20% of PM and PSI were formulated, and the rheological properties were evaluated at 30, 40, and 50 C; these were adjusted to mathematical models. Functional groups were identified by FTIR in ATR mode, and it was observed that the partial addition of PM and PSI did not show significant changes in the shear stress and apparent viscosity of the mixture, although they did show dependence on temperature. The Herschel–Bulkley model showed a better adjustment (R2 > 0.999), reporting behavior index values, n < 1.0, and indicating pseudo-plastic behavior for pastes and formulations. The yield limit ty and the consistency index kH increased significantly with the addition of PM and PSI, but they decreased with increasing temperature. The activation energy show values between 13.98 to 18.74 kJ/mol, and it increased significantly with the addition of PM and PSI. Infrared analysis evidenced the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, coming mainly from PSI and PM. The addition of PM and PSI does not influence the rheological properties and allows for an increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Residuos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas en la leche fresca adquirida por Comités de Vaso de Leche de los distritos de San Jerónimo y Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Perú

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of residues of β- lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines, as well as the physicochemical properties of fresh milk acquired by the Glass of Milk Committees of two districts of Apurimac, Peru. Triplicate milk samples were analyzed from 37 and 32 committees in the districts of San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas respectively. Density, acidity, pH, total solids (TS) and alcohol test were determined and compared with the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP) for fresh milk. The presence of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic compounds was determined through the Betastar® colorimetric kit. The physicochemical properties were correlated with the presence of antibiotics through the Pearson coefficient. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results showed that 10.8% of the milk samples from the San Jerónimo committees were positive for tetracycline, while 9.4 and 3.1% of the San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas committees, respectively, were positive for β-lactams. A high percentage of milk samples were outside the ranges established by the NTP for density, pH, acidity and TS. The PCA analysis shows that acidity and density are the main variables that would would determine the presence of antibiotics.El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la presencia de residuos de antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas, así como las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la leche fresca adquirida por los Comités de Vaso de Leche de dos distritos de Apurímac, Perú. Se analizaron muestras de leche por triplicado, provenientes de 37 y 32 comités de los distritos de San Jerónimo y Andahuaylas, respectivamente. Se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas: densidad, acidez, pH, sólidos totales (ST) y prueba de alcohol, las cuales se compararon con las Normas Técnicas Peruanas (NTP) para leche fresca. La presencia de compuestos antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas se determinó a través del kit colorimétrico Betastar®. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas se correlacionaron con la presencia de antibióticos a través del coeficiente de Pearson. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP). El 10.8% de las muestras de leche provenientes de los comités de San Jerónimo fue positivo para tetraciclina, mientras que el 9.4 y 3.1% de los comités de San Jerónimo y Andahuaylas, respectivamente, fueron positivos para β- lactámicos. Un alto procentaje de las muestras de leche estuvieron fuera de los rangos establecidos por las NTP para densidad, pH, acidez y ST. Del análisis ACP se desprende que la acidez y la densidad son las principales variables que pemitirían determinar la presencia de antibioticos