Obligations of low income countries in ensuring equity in global health financing

Background. Despite common recognition of joint responsibility for global health by all countries particularly to ensure justice in global health, current discussions of countries’ obligations for global health largely ignore obligations of developing countries. This is especially the case with regards to obligations relating to health financing. Bearing in mind that it is not possible to achieve justice in global health without achieving equity in health financing at both domestic and global levels, our aim is to show how fulfilling the obligation we propose will make it easy to achieve equity in health financing at both domestic and international levels. Discussion. Achieving equity in global health financing is a crucial step towards achieving justice in global health. Our general view is that current discussions on global health equity largely ignore obligations of Low Income Country (LIC) governments and we recommend that these obligations should be mainstreamed in current discussions. While we recognise that various obligations need to be fulfilled in order to ultimately achieve justice in global health, for lack of space we prioritise obligations for health financing. Basing on the evidence that in most LICs health is not given priority in annual budget allocations, we propose that LIC governments should bear an obligation to allocate a certain minimum percent of their annual domestic budget resources to health, while they await external resources to supplement domestic ones. We recommend and demonstrate a mechanism for coordinating this obligation so that if the resulting obligations are fulfilled by both LIC and HIC governments it will be easy to achieve equity in global health financing. Summary. Although achieving justice in global health will depend on fulfilment of different categories of obligations, ensuring inter- and intra-country equity in health financing is pivotal. This can be achieved by requiring all LIC governments to allocate a certain optimal per cent of their domestic budget resources to health while they await external resources to top up in order to cover the whole cost of the minimum health opportunities for LIC citizens.publishedVersio

Diagnostics of accelerating plasma Semiannual progress report, 1 Mar. - 31 Aug. 1968

Plasma diagnostics in electromagnetically driven shock tubes using laser scattering methods as compared to spectroscopic technique

Exchange coupling between two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by a graphene nanoribbon

In this study, based on the self-energy method and the total energy calculation, the indirect exchange coupling between two semi-infinite ferromagnetic strips (FM electrodes) separated by metallic graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is investigated. In order to form a FM/GNR/FM junction, a graphitic region of finite length is coupled to the FM electrodes along graphitic zigzag or armchair interfaces of width $N$. The numerical results show that, the exchange coupling strength which can be obtained from the difference between the total energies of electrons in the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings, has an oscillatory behavior, and depends on the Fermi energy and the length of the central region.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, International Conference on Theoretical Physics 'Dubna-Nano2008

Flux pump for HTS rotating machinery applications

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) machines offer several benefits over the conventional machines. With the advent of YBCO materials, research and development in HTS applications has gained significant impetus. The application of flux pump has its own advantages over the conventional mechanism for magnetic field generation in superconductors. This paper reviews few relevant works and presents preliminary results from experiments carried out to provide justification on the application of flux pump for generating magnetic flux in a rotating machine

The Design of Control Strategy for Blended Series-Parallel Power-Split PHEV – a Simulation Study

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been extensively researched to reduce the fuel consumption and tailpipe emission. The series-parallel power-split Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PHEV) has been considered as one of the most suitable candidates. It contains both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electrical storage system (ESS) to achieve a better driving performance. The energy management system (EMS) is significant for a PHEV to improve the efficiency of the whole system. Electric vehicle mode (EV), charging depletion (CD) and charging sustaining (CS) modes will be discussed to build a control strategy in this study. This control strategy will be implemented with the state of charge (SoC) to show its impact through a simulation study

Effects of engine emissions from high-speed civil transport aircraft: A two-dimensional modeling study, part 2

The AER two-dimensional chemistry-transport model is used to study the effect of supersonic and subsonic aircraft operation in the 2010 atmosphere on stratospheric ozone (O3). The results show that: (1) the calculated O3 response is smaller in the 2010 atmosphere compared to previous calculations performed in the 1980 atmosphere; (2) with the emissions provided, the calculated decrease in O3 column is less than 1 percent; and (3) the effect of model grid resolution on O3 response is small provided that the physics is not modified

The internet hospital as a telehealth model in China: Systematic search and content analysis

Background: The internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, there has still been no systematic summary of its establishment and definition, nor has there been an analysis of its service content. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to understand the definition, establishment, and development status of internet hospitals. Methods: Data on internet hospitals were obtained via the Baidu search engine for results up until January 1, 2019. Based on the results of the search, we obtained more detailed information from the official websites and apps of 130 online hospitals and formed a database for descriptive analysis. Results: By January 2019, the number of registered internet hospitals had expanded to approximately 130 in 25 provinces, accounting for 73.5% of all provinces or province-level municipalities in China. Internet hospitals, as a new telehealth model, are distinct but overlap with online health, telemedicine, and mobile medical. They offer four kinds of services—convenience services, online medical services, telemedicine, and related industries. In general, there is an underlying common treatment flowchart of care in ordinary and internet hospitals. There are three different sponsors—government-led integration, hospital-led, and enterprise-led internet hospitals—for which stakeholders have different supporting content and responsibilities. Conclusions: Internet hospitals are booming in China, and it is the joint effort of the government and the market to alleviate the coexistence of shortages of medical resources and wasted medical supplies. The origin of internet hospitals in the eastern and western regions, the purpose of the establishment initiator, and the content of online and offline services are different. Only further standardized management and reasonable industry freedom can realize the original intention of the internet hospital of meeting various health needs.publishedVersio

Selection of reference genes for qRT-PCR examination of wild populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

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