Determination of Average Emission Factors for Vehicles on a Busy Road

In this paper, the CALINE4 software package, designed for calculation of concentrations of carbon monoxide near a busyroad, is adapted for the analysis of aerosols of fine and ultra-fine particles, generated byvehicles on the road. A scaling procedure of the CALINE4 package is developed and justified. A new efficient method of determination of the average emission factor for fine particle emission from the average fleet (one average vehicle) on a given road is also developed. This method is based on measurements of the average particle number concentration at just one point near the road. An example of a specific road in the Brisbane area, Australia, is considered. The average emission factor for vehicles on this road is calculated to beB4.51014 particle/vehicle/mile. The obtained scaling coefficient is shown to be correct, and the procedure is directly applicable for the analysis of an arbitrary road with different types of vehicles and their average speed. Good agreement between the experimental results and the predicted theoretical dependencies of concentration on distance from the road clearlyconfirms the applicabilityof the CALINE4 package for the analysis of propagation of fine particle aerosols from a busyroad. Statistical analysis of the experimental and theoretical results demonstrates that the concentration of fine and ultra-fine particles approximatelyreduces as a power law in distance from the road

Psychological characteristics of patients with tuberculosis who refuse treatment

Institutul de Ftiziopneumologie „Chiril Draganiuc”The aim was to study the reasons for treatment refusal and the emotional response of patients to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The survey was accomplished on 55 patients. The most typical psychological traits were the following: reasons of avoiding failure, dissatisfaction with oneself; tendency to bind to negative experiences; profound experience of negatively stained events; emotional stress, discomfort; vindictiveness, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, resentment, the desire to prove to others that they are “worth something”; tendency of isolation. Scopul studiului a fost studierea motivelor abandonului tratamentului şi răspunsului emoţional al pacienţilor la dezvoltarea tuberculozei. Studiul s-a realizat pe un lot de 55 de pacienţi. Caracteristicile psihologice mai specifice s-au dovedit a fi: motivul omiterii insuccesului; insatisfacţia faţă de ei înşişi, tendinţa de a se plasa pe experienţe negative, retrăirea profundă a evenimentelor negativ colorate; stres emoţional; disconfort; spirit răzbunător si agresivitate; impulsivitate, susceptibilitate; dorința de a dovedi altora că ei sunt "în valoare de ceva", înclinaţia de izolare „în sine”

Characteristics of bivalve mollusk <i>Serripes groenlandicus </i>in connection with its rational use

Greenland cockle Serripes groenlandicus is a burrow bivalve mollusk that forms dense aggregations on silty-sandy and muddy grounds at the depth 50-60 m. Its total stock in Peter the Great Bay is estimated as 8,700 t. The species is not used yet as a raw material for food industry that is a reason to investigate its safety, chemical composition and technological characteristics. There is noted that the aggregations of S. groenlandicus in Peter the Great Bay are formed mostly by large-sized individuals (> 80 %), so they have high commercial value. Its soft tissue (on average 25.8 % of total weigh) contents 11.9 % of protein, < 1.0 % of fat, and 5.4 % of carbohydrate, its energy value is 70 kcal, so it is a promising raw material for low-calorie dietary products. Technological losses in mass of the clam meat in the process of broth extraction under hydrothermal treatment are rather high: 45-47 %. To prevent the mass losses, the species is recommended to use as the raw material for canned products with its natural meat

Unele particularități ale tuberculozei drogrezistentă în Republica Moldova.

Actualmente se fac referinţe insistente asupra necesităţii stringente de coordonare a activităţilor în asigurarea unui control efi cient al tuberculozei rezistente, inclusiv, în stoparea răspândirii formelor de MDR/XDR-TB care reprezintă o povară considerabilă pentru state, îndeosebi, pe fondalul crizei economice mondiale. Un pericol deosebit reprezintă tuberculoza cu rezistenţă extinsă (XDR, XXDR). Studiul prospectiv realizat prin analiza managementului tratamentului tuberculozei cu rezistenţă extinsă a 54 pacienţi spitalizaţi în secţiile MDR necesită continuarea determinării particularităţilor de diagnostic şi management în tuberculoza cu rezistenţă extinsă (XDR/XXDR). Se vor analiza cauzele principale ale dezvoltării rezistenţei extinse, precum şi a contingentului de pacienţi cu XDR/XXDR primară şi secundară. Vor fi elaborate scheme individualizate de tratament cu concretizarea duratei curei în funcţie de caracterul rezistenţei (MDR/ XDR/XXDR primară şi secundară)

Aspecte de management al abandonului tratamentului antituberculos în Republica Moldova

S-au analizat ponderea şi structura clinico-microbiologică a abandonului tratamentului antituberculos din perioada 2007-2009. Rata incidenţei globale a tuberculozei a scăzut în anul 2009 versus anul 2008 3,9% şi versus anul 2007 cu 10,9%, iar ponderea abandonului a scăzut versus anul 2008 şi versus anul 2007 cu 16,3%. În reuşita tratamentului antituberculos, o deosebită valoare capătă identificarea factorilor de risc asociaţi eşecului terapeutic şi abandonului în rândul pacienţilor de tuberculoză supuşi tratamentului conform strategiei DOTS. Este necesară acordarea atenţiei deosebite dezvoltării la pacient a simptomelor psihiatrice şi în legătură cu aceasta au fost organizate şi legalizate „Asociaţia pentru protecţia drepturilor pacienţilor cu tuberculoză” din rândul persoanelor vindecate, care vor îndeplini obligaţiile de asistent medical în controlul regimului de tratament

Structura letalităţii tuberculozei post-abandon în perioada 2007-2011.

Din datele existen te privind letalitatea prin tuberculoza post-abandon în perioada 2007-2011 s-au analizat anumite particularităţi ale acesteia. Astfel, letalitatea prin tuberculoza post-abandon, a сonstituit 54,2% din totalul de cazuri de abandon al tratamentului antituberculos. Letalitatea prin tuberculoza post-abandon este totalmente determinată de localizarea respiratorie a tuberculozei. Majoritatea deceselor prin tuberculoza post-abandon se produc în perioada de vârstă de 25-54 de ani (85,0±1,6%,

Aspecte de management al diagnosticului microbiologic şi tratamentului tuberculozei multidrogrezistente

S-a examinat bacteriologic 2054 de pacienţi şi înregistraţi drept rezistenţă achiziţionată, sau secundară - 1044 (50,8%) de cazuri. Din 825 de cazuri noi (anul 2006) multirezistenţa primară a constituit 19,4%; 23,8% şi 22,1% în anii 2008 şi 2009. Datele obţinute demonstrează, că prevalenţa tuberculozei rezistente a crescut în anul 2006 faţă de 1995 de 3 ori, iar tuberculoza multidrogrezistentă - de 10 ori. Au fost supravegheaţi 259 de eliminatori de micobacterie rezistentă. Prin metoda culturală eliminarea micobacteriei a fost stabilită la 245 (94,6%) de pacienţi şi la 5,4% – a fost pozitivă microscopia materialului patologic, sensibilitatea micobacteriei fi ind testată la 100% de pacienţi. Au fost utilizate regimuri şi scheme individualizate de tratament al tuberculozei multidrogrezistente şi s-a obţinut scăderea duratei spitalizării de 1,35 ori, sporirea numărului de pacienţi trataţi de 1,46 ori şi creşterea efi cienţei tratamentului cu 10,6%

Crowdsourcing Fungal Biodiversity : Revision of Inaturalist Observations in Northwestern Siberia

The paper presents the first analysis of crowdsourcing data of all observations of fungi (including lichens) and myxomycetes in Northwestern Siberia uploaded to iNaturalist.org to date (24.02.2022). The Introduction presents an analysis of fungal diversity crowdsourcing globally, in Russia, and in the region of interest. Materials and methods describe the protocol of uploading data to iNaturalist.org, the structure of the crowdsourcing community. initiative to revise the accumulated data. procedures of data analysis, and compilation of a dataset of revised crowdsourced data. The Results present the analysis of accumulated data by several parameters: temporal, geographical and taxonomical scope, observation and identification efforts, identifiability of various taxa, species novelty and Red Data Book categories and the protection status of registered observations. The Discussion provides data on usability of crowdsourcing data for biodiversity research and conservation of fungi, including pros and contras. The Electronic Supplements to the paper include an annotated checklist of observations of protected species with information on Red Data Book categories and the protection status, and an annotated checklist of regional records of new taxa. The paper is supplemented with a dataset of about 15 000 revised and annotated records available through Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The tradition of crowdsourcing is rooted in mycological societies around the world, including Russia. In Northwestern Siberia, a regional mycological club was established in 2018, encouraging its members to contribute observations of fungi on iNaturalist.org. A total of about 15 000 observations of fungi and myxomycetes were uploaded so far, by about 200 observers, from three administrative regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Tyumen Region). The geographical coverage of crowdsourcing observations remains low. However. the observation activity has increased in the last four years. The goal of this study consisted of a collaborative effort of professional mycologists invited to help with the identification of these observations and analysis of the accumulated data. As a result, all observations were reviewed by at least one expert. About half of all the observations have been identified reliably to the species level and received Research Grade status. Of those, 90 species (195 records) represented records of taxa new to their respective regions: 876 records of 53 species of protected species provide important data for conservation programmes. The other half of the observations consists of records still under-identified for various reasons: poor quality photographs, complex taxa (impossible to identify without microscopic or molecular study). or lack of experts in a particular taxonomic group. The Discussion section summarises the pros and cons of the use of crowdsourcing for the study and conservation of regional fungal diversity, and summarises the dispute on this subject among mycologists. Further research initiatives involving crowdsourcing data must focus on an increase in the quality of observations and strive to introduce the habit of collecting voucher specimens among the community of amateurs. The timely feedback from experts is also important to provide quality and the increase of personal involvement.Peer reviewe

Reducing Blindness from Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Argentina Through Collaboration, Advocacy and Policy Implementation.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a largely avoidable cause of blindness in children worldwide, requiring high-quality neonatal care, early detection and treatment. In middle-income countries throughout Latin America, Eastern Europe and South Asia, there has been a rise in ROP blindness due to a combination of increased survival of preterm infants, resource-scarce medical environments and lack of policies, training and human resources. However, Argentina is an example of country where rates of ROP blindness have declined and ROP programmes have been successfully and effectively embedded within the health and legal system. The purpose of this study is to describe the activities and stakeholders, including Ministry of Health (MoH) and UNICEF, involved in the process, from recognition of an epidemic of ROP blindness to the development of national guidelines, policies and legislation for control. Using a retrospective mixed methods case study design, data on rates of severe ROP was collected from 13 neonatal intensive care units from 1999 to 2012, and on the proportion of children blind from ROP in nine blind schools in seven provinces. Legislative document review, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted with neonatologists, ophthalmologists, neonatal nurses, parents, MoH officials, clinical societies, legislators and UNICEF officials in seven provinces. Results are presented combining the stages heuristic policy framework and Shiffman including: agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. By 2012, ROP had declined as a cause of blindness in children in schools for the blind as had rates of severe ROP needing treatment in the NICUs visited. Multiple factors played a role in reducing blindness from ROP in Argentina and successfully coordinating its control including national advocacy, leadership, legislation and international collaboration. Lessons learned in Argentina can potentially be scaled to other LMICs in Latin America and beyond with further context-specific research

Państwo, gospodarka, społeczeństwo w integrującej się Europie TOM 3

Ze wstępu: "1 maja 2004 przyniesie radykalną zmianą sytuacji dotychczasowych kandydatów do Unii Europejskiej. Z roli aplikanta i petenta przekształcą się we współdecydenta. Już dziś z przyszłymi członkami konsultuje się większość kwestii wymagających strategicznych decyzji. Przez ostatnie dziesięć lat wysiłek polityczny i intelektualny był skierowany na uzyskanie członkostwa Unii, a w ostatnim okresie negocjacji - na osiągnięcie najlepszych według polityków i ekonomistów warunków akcesji. 1 ten etap mamy już za sobą. Pora zacząć patrzeć przed siebie, lecz niejako petent, ale kraj współodpowiedzialny za dalsze funkcjonowanie i rozwój powiększonej Unii. Z tej perspektywy istotnajest analiza gospodarki europejskiej, z którąjuż dziś gospodarka państw kandydackich, także Polski, jest silnie powiązana. Wiedza na ten temat jest uboga i ograniczona do przeglądu bieżących wskaźników makroekonomicznych. Zarówno w ośrodkach rządowych, jak i pozarządowych dominuje podejście analizujące, co z konkretnego wydarzenia w innym kraju wynika dla gospodarki polskiej. Stanowczo nie wystarczy to do pełnienia odpowiedzialnej roli współdecydenta. Potrzebna jest pogłębiona wiedza na temat gospodarki europejskiej jako całości i poszczególnych krajów, a także najważniejszych partnerów handlowych i gospodarczych zjednoczonej Europy. Konieczne są pogłębione prace studialne dotyczące mechanizmów międzynarodowych, gdyż organy unijne będą się zajmować w najbliższych latach dalszym rozwojem europejskiego jednolitego Rynku, rywalizacją gospodarczą z USA i krajami azjatyckimi, liberalizacjąhandlu światowego."(...