Pengetahuan, Preferensi, Sikap, Niat Mencoba dan Berpindah Konsumsi Bahan Pangan Alternatif Selain Beras dan Gandum di Surabaya

Today, food insecurity issues have increasingly important ansd significant in the world, as well as inIndonesia. Therefore, the long-term purpose of this study is helping government to design properfood policy in order to achieve national food security in Indonesia. The primary purpose of thisstudy is exploring dan investigating the knowledge, preference, attitude, intention to try, and intentionto switch of the community toward alternative food ingredient such as singkong and ubi jalar. Theoryof Reasoned Action (TRA) is used as the fundamental reference in this study. The subjects of thisstudy are the person who is responsible to prepare food at Surabaya. This study finds that therespondents' knowledge about food ingredient diversity are high enough, jagung (corn) is the mostfavorite alternative ingredient. However, the respondents' attitudes toward consuming singkong andubi jalar are positive, but the repsondents' intentions to switch consuming are low. Four clustersresults based on attitudes, intention, and intention to switch are also discussed and reviewed.Key Words: Knowledge, preference, attitudes, intention, TR

Loyalty & Disloyalty: sebuah Pandangan Komprehensif dalam Analisa Loyalitas Pelanggan

Marketer convinced that customer loyalty is a valuable asset for the company. But, in today marketplace managing customer loyalty is a daunting task. An understanding about customer loyalty concept is prerequisite for managing customer loyalty. Customer loyalty concept best understood with the composite approach; behavioral and attitudinal approach. Composite approach could make marketer to find out loyalty category andloyalty stages of the customers, loyalty\u27s antecedent and manage loyalty from that antecedent. Customer satisfaction is an antecedent of customer loyalty. But, some researchers argued that satisfaction and loyalty relationships is not linear. This statement is supported by the fact in the market, satisfied customers still defect, but several dissatisfied customers don\u27t switch. Therefore, analyzing customer loyalty required holistic view about customer loyalty, loyalty concept alone did not give marketer a comprehensive view in customer loyalty analysis. Marketers and researchers must pay attention to disloyalty

An Examination of Perceived Quality, Satisfaction, and Loyalty Relationship: Applicability of Comparative and Noncomparative Evaluation

This paper evaluates alternative measurement approaches to investigating the relationship amongst perceived quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. The authors define and measure the constructs within a relative attitudinal framework and compare these results to a noncomparative or individual evaluation of brands. In addition, loyalty is measured by and defined as a behavioral and attitudinal loyalty. The object of this research is teh botol whilst the subjects are undergraduate students in Surabaya and Yogyakarta. The proposed model, with satisfaction as a mediator between quality and loyalty, is found to be an acceptable representation of data across three brands of teh botol and for both comparative and noncomparative evaluation. The use of relative attitude, however, indicates a much stronger relationship amongst perceived quality, satisfaction, and loyalty than the attitude towards a brand when they are performed in individual evaluation. With respect to predictive ability, this study’s findings suggest that comparative evaluation has higher degree of applicability than does noncomparative evaluation

Artificial ion transporters: synthesis, characterization and ionophoric activity on membrane models

2007/2008Nel corso di alcuni anni il nostro gruppo di ricerca, ispirandosi alla struttura dei composti naturali anfotericina B e squalamina, ha sintetizzato una serie di composti che incorporano gli elementi strutturali fondamentali di questi due ionofori naturali: un’unità idrofobica rigida, una catena idrofilica (modulo di conduzione) e uno o due gruppi terminali polari. L’attività di questi composti nel trasporto di ioni attraverso il doppio strato fosfolipidico è stata investigata utilizzando liposomi come modelli di membrana e metodologie basate sulla spettroscopia NMR e su tecniche spettrofluorimetriche mediante l’utilizzo di probe fluorescenti. Tra i composti sintetizzati, un analogo formato da un ottapeptide di Aib (acido α-amminoisobutirrico) Z-protetto all’ N-terminale (unità idrofobica) e legato tramite il C-terminale ad un gruppo amminico di una diammina derivata dall’esaetilenglicole (modulo di conduzione e gruppo terminale polare), ha mostrato di avere un’attività ionoforica molto elevata nei confronti del trasporto di cationi sodio. La comprensione del motivo di questa alta ed inaspettata attività è stata quindi uno degli scopi principali di questo lavoro di Tesi, in cui sono stati studiati analoghi con catena alchilica a lunghezza variabile al posto del gruppo Z, già precedentemente sintetizzati, per valutare l’effetto idrofobico del sostituente. Dopo aver raccolto una prima serie di dati, per comprendere la rilevanza della presenza dell’anello aromatico sullo ionoforo modello, è stata sintetizzata e studiata una serie di analoghi che portano un diverso gruppo aromatico al posto del gruppo Z. Il secondo e più generale scopo di questo lavoro di Tesi è stato l’inizio di uno studio sull’attività ionoforica di composti strutturalmente diversi al fine di razionalizzare le caratteristiche strutturali necessarie per ottenere composti attivi come trasportatori di ioni. A questo scopo è stata iniziata un’intensa collaborazione con diversi gruppi di ricerca che hanno sintetizzato una serie di possibili ionofori. Il gruppo del Prof. De Riccardis dell’Università di Salerno ha sintetizzato una serie di composti calixarenici sostituiti con catene spermidiniche e una serie di α-ciclopeptoidi formati da un numero variabile di N-benzilossietilglicine. Il gruppo della Prof. Montesarchio dell’Università di Napoli ha preparato degli oligosaccaridi ciclici, legati da legami fosfodiesterei a ponte, chiamati CyPLOS (Cyclic Phosphate-Linked OligoSaccharide macrocycles). Infine il gruppo del Prof. Casnati dell’Università di Parma ha sintetizzato una serie di calixareni sostituiti con un numero variabile di gruppi guanidinio. Tutti questi composti sono stati preparati allo scopo di poter effettuare un ampio studio concernente il rapporto struttura/attività e poter quindi definire i requisiti strutturali minimi per ottenere un composto con attività ionoforica. Accanto ai risultati ottenuti per ogni singola classe di composti, che sono illustrati e discussi in dettaglio nel terzo capitolo della Tesi, la possibilità di studiare un così ampio spettro di composti utilizzando le stesse condizioni sperimentali, ci ha permesso di ottenere delle considerazioni generali sulla natura dell’attività ionoforica ponendo le basi per la progettazione di nuove strutture che possano mostrare maggiore attività e/o selettività. Un altro importante risultato ottenuto durante questo lavoro di Tesi è stato l’acquisizione di esperienza nell’utilizzo di molte tecniche atte ad investigare l’attività ionoforica su liposomi come modelli di membrana. In particolare, è stato approfondita la conoscenza di tecniche comprendenti l’uso di probe fluorescenti che hanno mostrato di essere valide e di facile utilizzo per ottenere dati riguardanti vari aspetti dell’attività ionoforica come ad esempio le sequenze di selettività. Tuttavia, utilizzando esperimenti su liposomi, rimane molto difficile ottenere l’evidenza sperimentale della distinzione tra un meccanismo di trasporto tramite canale e altri tipi di meccanismi (es. carrier). Per questo motivo i dati ottenuti da questo tipo di esperimenti dovrebbero essere integrati da dati ottenuti per via elettrofisiologica e il nostro gruppo di ricerca si sta muovendo proprio in questa direzione.Taking inspiration from the natural ionophores amphotericin B and squalamine, during the past years our group synthesized a series of compounds that incorporate the fundamental structural elements of these natural ion transporters: a rigid hydrophobic unit, a hydrophilic chain (conduction module) and one or two polar head groups. The ionophoric activity of these artificial ionophores was investigated using liposomes as membrane models, and the measurements have been conducted by NMR spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetric techniques involving the use of fluorimetric probes. Among the compounds synthesized, an analogue having an N-terminus Z-protected α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) octapeptide (hydrophobic unit) linked, at the C-terminus, to one aminic moiety of a diamine derived by exa(ethylene)glycol (conduction module and polar head), was found to have an impressive activity in Na+ transport. The understanding of the reasons for such high and unexpected activity was therefore one of the main subjects of this Thesis work in which alkyl (instead of the Z-group) analogues of this compound, already prepared in our group, were studied to evaluate the hydrophobic effect of the substituent. After a first collection of data, a new series of analogues carrying a different aromatic group in place of the Z-group were synthesized and studied in order to asses the relevance of the aromatic substitution in the model ionophore. The second and more general subject of this Thesis work was the beginning of an investigation of structurally different compounds aimed to define common structural requirements for ionophoric activity. In this contest we have collaborated with several research groups which have synthesized the putative ionophore. Prof. De Riccardis and co-workers at Salerno University synthesized a series of spermidine calixarenic compounds as well as a series of cyclic α-peptoids formed by a variable number of N-benzyloxyethylglycines. The group of Prof. Montesarchio at Napoli University prepared novel cyclic oligosaccharide analogues, 4,6-linked through phosphodiester bonds, named CyPLOS (Cyclic Phosphate-Linked OligoSaccharide macrocycles). Finally the group of Prof. Casnati at Parma University synthesized a series of guanidinium calixarene conjugates. All these compounds have been prepared in the framework of a long standing collaboration which has as ultimate objective a broad structure/activity investigation aimed to define the structural requirements for ionophoric activity. Beside the results obtained in the study of each single class of compounds which will be illustrated and discussed in detail in the third chapter of this Thesis work, the possibility to investigate the ionophoric properties of such a broad bunch of compounds under the same set of experimental condition allowed us to draw more general considerations and put the basis for the design of new ionophores with enhanced activity and/or selectivity. A further important result of this Thesis work is the acquisition of expertise in several techniques used for the study of the ionophoric activity in liposomes. In particular we have exploited methodologies based on the use of fluorescent probes which have proved to give valid and user friendly entries to important features such as for example selectivity sequences. Ironically, it is the experimental evidence for the existence of ion channels as such (rather than the presence of alternative modes of transport) that remains most difficult to obtain in vesicles. For this reason this type of measurement should be paralleled with electrophysiological data and we are now moving in this direction.198

CyPLOS: a new family of synthetic ionophores

The ion transport properties of a new family of synthetic ionophores based on cyclic phosphate-linked oligosaccharide (CyPLOS) macrocycles are described

Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and survival of earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to biochar amended soils

Biochar has a charcoal polycyclic aromatic structure which allows its long half-life in soil, making it an ideal tool for C sequestration and for adsorption of organic pollutants, but at the same time raises concerns about possible adverse impacts on soil biota. Two biochars were tested under laboratory-controlled conditions on Eisenia andrei earthworms: a biochar produced at low temperature from wine tree cuttings (WTB) and a commercial low tar hardwood lump charcoal (HLB). The avoidance test (48-h exposure) showed that earthworms avoid biochar-treated soil with rates higher than 16 t ha 121 for HLB and 64 t ha 121 for WTB. After 42 days, toxic effects on earthworms were observed even at application rates (100 t ha 121) that are generally considered beneficial for most crops. The concentration of HLB and WTB required to kill half of earthworms\u2019 population (LC50; 95 % confidence limits) in the synthetic OECD soil was 338 and 580 t ha 121, respectively. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in earthworms exposed to the two biochar types at 100 t ha 121 was tested in two soils of different texture. In biochar-treated soils, the average earthworm survival rates were about 64 % in the sandy and 78 % clay-loam soils. PAH accumulation was larger in the sandy soil and largest in soils amended with HLB. PAH with less than four rings were preferentially scavenged from the soil by biochars, and this behaviour may mask that of the more dangerous components (i.e. four to five rings), which are preferentially accumulated. Earthworms can accumulate PAH as a consequence of exposure to biochar-treated soils and transfer them along the food chain. Soil type and biochar quality are both relevant in determining PAH transfer

LOYALTY & DISLOYALTY: SEBUAH PANDANGAN KOMPREHENSIF DALAM ANALISA LOYALITAS PELANGGAN

Marketer convinced that customer loyalty is a valuable asset for the company. But, in today marketplace managing customer loyalty is a daunting task. An understanding about customer loyalty concept is prerequisite for managing customer loyalty. Customer loyalty concept best understood with the composite approach; behavioral and attitudinal approach. Composite approach could make marketer to find out loyalty category andloyalty stages of the customers, loyalty’s antecedent and manage loyalty from that antecedent. Customer satisfaction is an antecedent of customer loyalty. But, some researchers argued that satisfaction and loyalty relationships is not linear. This statement is supported by the fact in the market, satisfied customers still defect, but several dissatisfied customers don’t switch. Therefore, analyzing customer loyalty required holistic view about customer loyalty, loyalty concept alone did not give marketer a comprehensive view in customer loyalty analysis. Marketers and researchers must pay attention to disloyalty.Key words: loyalty, disloyalty, satisfactio

Optical particle counter data collected in two inhabited sites close to an industrial hot spot during a three months survey

Data on this paper describe the monitoring of different size ranges of particulate matter on dwellings positioned close to an integral cycle steel plant. Data were collected by eight channel (PM0.3, PM0.5, PM0.7, PM1, PM2, PM3, PM5, PM10) optical particle counters positioned in two sites. The data were recorded as counts-per-minute for every size channel in a three months survey from June to September 2015. Basic statistical elaboration and boxplot graphs as well as raw data are included

Seasonal variations of PAHs content and distribution patterns in a mixed land use area: A case study in NE Italy with the transplanted lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea

The seasonal differences of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in lichen transplants were investigated in an area of ca. 40 square kilometers in NE Italy characterized by different land use. Two sets of samples of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea were collected in a pristine area of the Carnic Alps and transplanted to 40 exposure sites for a period of two months, respectively in late winter and in summer. Results revealed a pronounced difference between the two seasons in terms of PAH content and distribution patterns. After the summer exposure the PAH concentrations in the transplants were more than one order of magnitude lower than after the winter exposure (ranging from 48.22 to 272.73 ng g 121 dw and from 289.73 to 1575.85 ng g 121 dw in the summer and winter samples respectively). Also the main emission sources changed, mostly due to the drastic reduction in the emissions by wood burning for domestic heating and to the different meteorological conditions. In summer PAHs degradation was enhanced by intense UV radiation, high temperatures, and presence of ozone. The implications of these findings for the biomonitoring of PAHs pollution are addressed

STUDI KOMPARASI FRAMEWORK NIST DAN ISO 27001 SEBAGAI STANDAR AUDIT DENGAN METODE DESKRIPTIF STUDI PUSTAKA

The rapid development of information technology has had various positive impacts on companies that implement it in order to achieve their vision, mission, and goals. However, the benefits of the development of information technology also carry various threats and risks of its use. One of the risks referred to is cyber attacks. There are various standard frameworks that can be used to audit/measure the level of cybersecurity security, including NIST and ISO 27001. The purpose of this study is to make a comparison of the cybersecurity framework standards NIST and ISO 27001 with descriptive literature study methods. The results of this study obtain the advantages and disadvantages of each standard framework.Perkembangan teknologi informasi yang semakin pesat telah memberikan berbagai dampak positif bagi perusahaan yang menerapkannya dalam rangka mencapai visi, misi serta tujuan mereka. Namun, manfaat dari perkembangan teknologi informasi juga membawa berbagai ancaman dan risiko penggunaannya. Salah satu risiko yang dimaksud adalah serangan cyber. Terdapat berbagai standar framework yang dapat digunakan untuk meng-audit/mengukur tingkat keamanan cybersecurity, diantaranya NIST dan ISO 27001. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan perbandingan dari standar framework cybersecurity NIST dan ISO 27001 dengan metode deskriptif studi pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut memperoleh kelebihan dan kekurangan dari masing-masing standar framework