ORIGIN AND PREVALENCE OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) AND TYPE 2 (HTLV-2) AMONG INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS IN THE AMERICAS

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events

[Virgen de la Salud] [Material gráfico] / Larrosa g.o

Inscripción: "N.A S.A DE LA SALUD venerada en el lugar de Chiribella "Páez. Repertorio, 1160-

[Virgen de la Salud] [Material gráfico] / Larrosa g.o

Inscripción: "N.A S.A DE LA SALUD venerada en el lugar de Chiribella "Páez. Repertorio, 1160-

Up-regulation of β-catenin by a viral oncogene correlates with inhibition of the seven in absentia homolog 1 in B lymphoma cells

The protein levels of β-catenin are tightly regulated by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We provide evidence that two distinct ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathways for β-catenin are active in the same Burkitt's lymphoma cells: Along with the classical glycogen-synthase kinase 3β-dependent destruction machinery, degradation of β-catenin through seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah-1) ubiquitin ligase is functional in these cells. We show that inhibition of endogenous Siah-1 stabilizes and activates β-catenin in B cells. The principal Epstein–Barr virus oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1, is involved in β-catenin up-regulation, and expression of latent membrane protein 1 in B lymphoma cells is associated with decreased Siah-1 RNA and protein levels. Thus, we demonstrate the significance of the endogenous Siah-1-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway for β-catenin degradation in malignant human cells and its regulation by a viral oncogene

Notes on Hanyu da cidian

The use of composite materials has increased steadily during the past two decades, particularly for aerospace, underwater and automotive structures. This is largely because many composite materials exhibit high strength-to-weight and stifihess-to-weight ratios, which make them ideally suited for use in weight-sensitive structures. The elastic properties of composite materials may be significantly different in specimens manufactured under the same general specifications and the bulk material properties may be different from those of the lamina. The elastic properties degrade as a result of aging, environmental and other effects (e.g., matrix cracking) resulting in overstress and eventual failure of the material. The elastic properties determine the performance of the material and it is necessary to assure the conformance of these properties with design requirements. Conventional destructive techniques for determining the elastic stiffness constants can be costly and often inaccurate. This is particularly true for the through-the-thickness properties. Nondestructive determination of these properties offers a better alternative for material characterization and for assuring structural performance

El que pestañea, pierde : pieza de costumbres andaluzas en verso

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