The Dynamics of Spatial Labor Mobility in The Netherlands

The spatial mobility of labor changes over time. Both the general propensity to migrate and the spatial allocation of mobile people over regions of destination are characterized by important dynamic properties. This paper discusses several factors that may explain these dynamic properties of internal labor migration. We focus especially on the influence of labor market and housing conditions on the mobility of people. A two-stage, generation-allocation model is proposed, to investigate the role of different factors in the explanation of aggregate interregional migration flows. This model is applied to recent data on interprovincial labor migration in the Netherlands. The results indicate that housing supply seems to be an important determinant of temporal developments of spatial mobility, and also that the conditions of national and regional labor markets are associated with specific properties of recent migration patterns

An Improved Method of Computing Multistate Survivorship Proportions for the Terminal Age Groups

The aging of populations is a phenomenon which has become an important research topic. Demographers, however, have given inadequate attention to the projection of the number of old people and their future age composition. This paper shows that the conventional method for estimating the survivorship proportions of the very old tends to produce misleading results with respect to the size and composition of the aged. Several alternatives are suggested here to overcome these problems. An empirical example is used to point out the problems of the conventional approach and to evaluate the suggested improvements

Discrete Approximation of a Continuous Model of Multistate Demography

This paper suggests the applicability of a method recently developed by systems engineers to the estimation of the state transition matrices involved in the construction of increment-decrement life tables. Relevant to the case of piecewise-constant force functions, this method comes out as an alternative to the usual truncation of the infinite series obtained from the exact expansion of the state transition matrices. It generates a sequence of formulas which, interestingly enough, subsumes the linear formula of Rogers and Ledent (1976) as a special case. An illustration of the method is provided with applications to the analysis of marital status, labor force participation, and interregional migration

Estimation and Interpretation of a Nonlinear Migration Model

This paper provides a practical guide to using a two-level logistic model to analyze macro migration data. It explains the estimation method, provides subroutines for carrying out the estimation through a program in the BMDP package, and uses an empirical example to show how the parameters are to be estimated and interpreted

Compression-compression fatigue of Pd_(43)Ni_(10)Cu_(27)P_(20) metallic glass foam

Compression-compression fatigue testing of metallic-glass foam is performed. A stress-life curve is constructed, which reveals an endurance limit at a fatigue ratio of about 0.1. The origin of fatigue resistance of this foam is identified to be the tendency of intracellular struts to undergo elastic and reversible buckling, while the fatigue process is understood to advance by anelastic strut buckling leading to localized plasticity (shear banding) and ultimate strut fracture. Curves of peak and valley strain versus number of cycles coupled with plots of hysteresis loops and estimates of energy dissipation at various loading cycles confirm the four stages of foam-fatigue

Oxidation Behavior of a Pd_(43)Cu_(27)Ni_(10)P_(20) Bulk Metallic Glass and Foam in Dry Air

The oxidation behavior of both Pd_(43)Cu_(27)Ni_(10)P_(20) bulk metallic glass (Pd4-BMG) and its amorphous foam containing 45 pct porosity (Pd4-AF) was investigated over the temperature range of 343 K (70 °C) to 623 K (350 °C) in dry air. The results showed that virtually no oxidation occurred in the Pd4-BMG at T < 523 K (250 °C), revealing the alloy’s favorable oxidation resistance in this temperature range. In addition, the oxidation kinetics at T ≥ 523 K (250 °C) followed a parabolic-rate law, and the parabolic-rate constants (k_p values) generally increased with temperature. It was found that the oxidation k_p values of the Pd4-AF are slightly lower than those of the Pd4-BMG, indicating that the porous structure contributes to improving the overall oxidation resistance. The scale formed on the alloys was composed exclusively of CuO at T ≥ 548 K (275 °C), whose thickness gradually increased with increasing temperature. In addition, the amorphous structure remained unchanged at T ≤ 548 K (275 °C), while a triplex-phase structure developed after the oxidation at higher temperatures, consisting of Pd_2Ni_2P, Cu_3P, and Pd_3P

Multiregional Population Projection: An Analytic Approach

This paper studies the dynamic properties of age-by-region population systems which are projected into the future by the Rogers model with fixed age- and region-specific rates of birth, death, and interregional migration. Insights are obtained. through the analytic solution of the mathematical model. To make the analytic solution of the Rogers model understandable this paper considers the Rogers model as a multiregional generalization, of the classical Leslie model and then makes a useful synthesis of the early findings about the dynamic properties of single-region population systems and the well-known facts about a pure migration matrix. The Rogers model is applied to three real-world systems: the Swedish female population observed in 1974, the Soviet population of both sexes observed in 1974, and the female population of Great Britain observed in 1970. Common as well as distinct dynamic properties of the three systems are found

Room-Temperature Power-Stabilized Narrow-Linewidth Tunable Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Laser Based on Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Interferometers with Different Free Spectral Range for Strain Sensing

An automatically power-stabilized (with power fluctuation <0.155 dB), narrow-linewidth (0.0171 nm), wavelength-tunable (10.69 nm) erbium-doped fiber laser has been proposed by cascading two fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) without using any temperature controlling device. One of the MZIs (here called the 1st MZI) is composed of two 3 dB couplers to form interference patterns while the other MZI (here termed the 2nd MZI) is constructed with a tapered seven-core fiber (SCF) and based on the principle of supermode interference. For the two MZIs, the free spectral range (FSR), the passband bandwidth and the extinction ratio (ER) at 1560 nm are 0.37 nm, 0.19 nm, 16.6 dB and 13.93 nm, 7.93 nm, 10.1 dB, respectively. Due to the major difference between the two FSR values, the 1st MZI and the 2nd MZI respectively play a role in controlling the laser linewidth and suppressing the homogeneous broadening effect to reach to a satisfactory level of power stability. The 2nd MZI is also used to fine tune the laser wavelength by applying strain to the tapered SCF (TSCF) over the spectral range of 1570.22-1559.33 nm, with an incremental step of 0.37 nm being used. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the tunable fiber laser can be up to 45 dB. By appropriately adjusting the polarization controller, dual wavelength lasing can also be achieved. For single wavelength lasing, the 3 dB laser linewidth is 0.0171 nm. The power fluctuation, without a temperature controlling device being used and operating at room temperature, is found to be less than 0.155 dB over 1 hour while the central wavelength drift is less than 0.19 nm