3,115 research outputs found
Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunization in Vietnam:Results and challenges
OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness of universal rotavirus immunization, explicitly the use of RotateqÂź and affordability of implementing rotavirus immunization based on the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)-subsidized vaccine price in the context of Vietnamese health care system for the next 5 years. METHODS: An age-structured cohort model was developed for the 2009 Vietnamese birth cohort and applied a 5-year time horizon with time cycle of 1 month for <1-year-old children and annually thereafter. Results from no vaccination and vaccination were compared. Outcomes included rotavirus episodes requiring home-treatment, outpatient visits, hospitalizations and deaths. Multiple outcomes per rotavirus infection are possible in the model. Acceptability and affordability analyses were done using Monte Carlo simulations. Costs were expressed in 2009 US1.6 million annually. In the base-case, the incremental cost per quality- adjusted-life-year (QALY) was US$665 from health care perspective,-Vietnamese per-capita-GDP in 2009. Affordability results showed that at the GAVI-subsidized vaccine price, rotavirus vaccination could be affordable in Vietnam. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus immunization in Vietnam would be a cost-effective health intervention. However, it only becomes affordable under the GAVI's financial support. Vaccine price is the most crucial factor to decision-makers regarding introducing this vaccine into the country's immunization. Given the high underfive mortality rate, results showed that rotavirus immunization is the âbest hopeâ for prevention of rotavirus-related diarrhoeal disease in Vietnam. In the next five years, Vietnam is definitely in debt to external financial support in implementing rotavirus vaccination. It is recommended that new and cheaper rotavirus vaccine candidates be developed to speed up rotavirus vaccines introduction in the developing world
Electron mobility in surface- and buried- channel flatband In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As MOSFETs with ALD Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> gate dielectric.
In this paper, we investigate the scaling potential of flatband III-V MOSFETs by comparing the mobility of surface and buried In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As channel devices employing an Atomic Layer Deposited (ALD) Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> gate dielectric and a delta-doped InGaAs/InAlAs/InP heterostructure.
Peak electron mobilities of 4300 cm<sup>2</sup>/V·s and 6600 cm<sup>2</sup>/V·s at a carrier density of 3Ă1012 cm<sup>-2</sup> for the surface and buried channel structures respectively were determined. In contrast to similarly scaled inversion-channel devices, we find that mobility in surface channel flatband structures does not drop rapidly with electron density, but rather high mobility is maintained up to carrier concentrations around 4x10<sup>12</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> before slowly dropping to around 2000 cm<sup>2</sup>/V·s at 1x10M<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>. We believe these to be world leading metrics for this material system and an important development in informing the III-V MOSFET device architecture selection process for future low power, highly scaled CM
Short-time scaling behavior of growing interfaces
The short-time evolution of a growing interface is studied within the
framework of the dynamic renormalization group approach for the
Kadar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation and for an idealized continuum model of
molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The scaling behavior of response and correlation
functions is reminiscent of the ``initial slip'' behavior found in purely
dissipative critical relaxation (model A) and critical relaxation with
conserved order parameter (model B), respectively. Unlike model A the initial
slip exponent for the KPZ equation can be expressed by the dynamical exponent
z. In 1+1 dimensions, for which z is known exactly, the analytical theory for
the KPZ equation is confirmed by a Monte-Carlo simulation of a simple ballistic
deposition model. In 2+1 dimensions z is estimated from the short-time
evolution of the correlation function.Comment: 27 pages LaTeX with epsf style, 4 figures in eps format, submitted to
Phys. Rev.
Effect of pressure on the superconducting transition temperature of doped and neutron-damaged MgB2
Measurements of the superconducting transition temperatures for Al-doped,
C-doped and neutron-damaged-annealed MgB2 samples under pressure up to ~8 kbar
are presented. The dT_c/dP values change systematically with the decrease of
the ambient pressure T_c in a regular fashion. The evolution of the pressure
derivatives can be understood assuming that the change in phonon spectrum is a
dominant contribution to dT_c/dP
CD40 signal rewires fatty acid and glutamine metabolism for stimulating macrophage anti-tumorigenic functions.
Exposure of lipopolysaccharide triggers macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, characterized by elevated aerobic glycolysis and a broken tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharide, CD40 signal is able to drive pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic polarization by some yet undefined metabolic programming. Here we show that CD40 activation triggers fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glutamine metabolism to promote ATP citrate lyase-dependent epigenetic reprogramming of pro-inflammatory genes and anti-tumorigenic phenotypes in macrophages. Mechanistically, glutamine usage reinforces FAO-induced pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic activation by fine-tuning the NAD <sup>+</sup> /NADH ratio via glutamine-to-lactate conversion. Genetic ablation of important metabolic enzymes involved in CD40-mediated metabolic reprogramming abolishes agonistic anti-CD40-induced antitumor responses and reeducation of tumor-associated macrophages. Together these data show that metabolic reprogramming, which includes FAO and glutamine metabolism, controls the activation of pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic polarization, and highlight a therapeutic potential of metabolic preconditioning of tumor-associated macrophages before agonistic anti-CD40 treatments
Carbon doping of superconducting magnesium diboride
We present details of synthesis optimization and physical properties of
nearly single phase carbon doped MgB2 with a nominal stoichiometry of
Mg(B{0.8}C{0.2})2 synthesized from magnesium and boron carbide (B4C) as
starting materials. The superconducting transition temperature is ~ 22 K (~ 17
K lower than in pure MgB2). The temperature dependence of the upper critical
field is steeper than in pure MgB2 with Hc2(10K) ~ 9 T. Temperature dependent
specific heat data taken in different applied magnetic fields suggest that the
two-gap nature of superconductivity is still preserved for carbon doped MgB2
even with such a heavily suppressed transition temperature. In addition, the
anisotropy ratio of the upper critical field for T/Tc ~ 2/3 is gamma ~ 2. This
value is distinct from 1 (isotropic) and also distinct from 6 (the value found
for pure MgB2).Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Physica
Scaling of Island Growth in Pb Overlayers on Cu(001)
The growth and ordering of a Pb layer deposited on Cu(001) at 150 K has been
studied using atom beam scattering. At low coverage, ordered Pb islands with a
large square unit cell and nearly hexagonal internal structure are formed. This
is a high order commensurate phase with 30 atoms in the unit cell. From the
measurement of the island diffraction peak profiles we find a power law for the
mean island - size versus coverage with an exponent . A
scaling behavior of growth is confirmed and a simple model describing island
growth is presented. Due to the high degeneracy of the monolayer phase,
different islands do not diffract coherently. Therefore, when islands merge
they still diffract as separate islands and coalescence effects are thus
negligible. From the result for we conclude that the island density is
approximately a constant in the coverage range where the
ordered islands are observed. We thus conclude that most islands nucleate at
and then grow in an approximately self similar fashion as
increases.Comment: 23 pages, 10 Figures (available upon request). SU-PHYS-93-443-375
The asymptotic iteration method for the angular spheroidal eigenvalues with arbitrary complex size parameter c
The asymptotic iteration method is applied, to calculate the angular
spheroidal eigenvalues with arbitrary complex size
parameter . It is shown that, the obtained numerical results of
are all in excellent agreement with the available
published data over the full range of parameter values , , and .
Some representative values of for large real are
also given.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figur
-minimal surface and manifold with positive -Bakry-\'{E}mery Ricci curvature
In this paper, we first prove a compactness theorem for the space of closed
embedded -minimal surfaces of fixed topology in a closed three-manifold with
positive Bakry-\'{E}mery Ricci curvature. Then we give a Lichnerowicz type
lower bound of the first eigenvalue of the -Laplacian on compact manifold
with positive -Bakry-\'{E}mery Ricci curvature, and prove that the lower
bound is achieved only if the manifold is isometric to the -shpere, or the
-dimensional hemisphere. Finally, for compact manifold with positive
-Bakry-\'{E}mery Ricci curvature and -mean convex boundary, we prove an
upper bound for the distance function to the boundary, and the upper bound is
achieved if only if the manifold is isometric to an Euclidean ball.Comment: 15 page
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