CD6 deficiency impairs early immune response to bacterial sepsis

CD6 is a lymphocyte-specific scavenger receptor expressed on adaptive (T) and innate (B1a, NK) immune cells, which is involved in both fine-tuning of lymphocyte activation/differentiation and recognition of bacterial-associated molecular patterns (i.e., lipopolysaccharide). However, evidence on CD6's role in the physiological response to bacterial infection was missing. Our results show that induction of monobacterial and polymicrobial sepsis in Cd6 -/- mice results in lower survival rates and increased bacterial loads and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Steady state analyses of Cd6 -/- mice show decreased levels of natural polyreactive antibodies, concomitant with decreased cell counts of spleen B1a and marginal zone B cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type B cells and mouse serum, as well as a polyreactive monoclonal antibody improve Cd6 -/- mouse survival rates post-sepsis. These findings support a nonredundant role for CD6 in the early response against bacterial infection, through homeostatic expansion and functionality of innate-related immune cells

Regards sur l’enseignement en Amérique latine

Note portant sur l’auteur « En Amérique latine et caraïbe, carrefour de trajectoires, mélange de peuples et de temps, aujourd’hui exemple de cohabitation pacifique de races, de couleurs, de cultures et de croyances, les fils conducteurs du passé — un passé aux trames rugueuses et sinueuses, aux espaces assez larges pour la rencontre et pour l’étreinte — favorisent la projection vers un futur original, aux contours propres. » Avec ces paroles, le professeur Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Directeur G..

In preschool children, physical activity during school time can significantly increase by intensifying locomotor activities during physical education classes

Objectives: After categorizing preschool children into “active and low active” according to their moderate and vigor‑ ous physical activity (MVPA) in PE classes (PE), we compared these two groups within each sex and by sex in: (a) % MVPA and MVPA minutes accrued from each fundamental motor skill (FMS) during PE and (b) % MVPA during school time. Results: 532 children (mean age 5.2 years, 50% girls) were selected from a nationwide program which provides 3 weekly PE. Children wore accelerometers during one school day which included PE. We recorded the type and duration of each activity indicated by the teacher, classifying each one into the corresponding FMS, extracting its MVPA minutes from the accelerometer software. Children were categorized into active and low active. Comparisons used T-tests. In PE, active children accumulate 40 and 36 percentage points (pp) more MVPA minutes (boys and girls respectively), while during school time, 4 pp more in each sex. Girls are signifcantly less active. Just considering loco‑ motion, active boys and girls accumulate 11 more MVPA minutes during PE. Active boys surpass the MVPA guideline for PE, while active girls almost reach it. Low active children (especially girls) should intensify locomotor activities during PE

Preschool children's physical activity intensity during school time: Influence of school schedule

Chile's Physical Activity Report Card graded the overall index on PA behavior with an F The Ministry of Sports is implementing since 2014 “Jardín Activo” (JA program) which recommends 3 weekly teacher-led PE lessons for preschool children, on half or full day attendance. We determined the effectiveness of the JA program (contribution to MVPA during school time) and assessed if effectiveness varied according to schedule. 596 five y olds, (50% boys) were selected from 66 schools; 52.9% attended half day and 47.1% full day. Children wore accelerometers during school time a day with and one without PE lesson (JA day/non JA day). We compared PA intensity between both these days by gender, using descriptive statistics and t-tests and determined the differential effect on PA intensity, between non JA and JA days by school schedule, using mixed models analyses We compared β of sedentary and of MVPA by schedule with t-tests. Significant differences were found in PA intensity between both days within each gender. Minutes being sedentary were significantly less during JA days (14 and 15min in boys and girls respectively); MVPA significantly higher in JA days (11 and 10min respectively). % time children were sedentary and % they engaged in MVPA differed by schedule. Sedentary minutes were significantly higher (β −16.2 vs −13.2) in half day, while the increase in MVPA was significantly higher (β 12.5 vs 9.7) in full day. The JA program is effective, especially when children attend school full time. Keywords: Physical activity, Children, MVPA, School schedule, Chil

Les défis de l'éducation en Amérique latine

Dans le domaine de l'éducation comme dans d'autres domaines, l'Amérique latine connaît de façon accentuée des problèmes qui se posent au monde entier. Le défi est celui du passage d'un système social à un autre, de l'ère industrielle (ou parfois directement de l'ère agricole) à l'ère de la connaissance. La mutation de l'éducation accompagne, et canalise, la mutation des sociétés, laquelle se produit à une échelle et à un degré inédits. Des phénomènes majeurs se produisent : fin des hiérarchies anciennes (où le capital physique et la compétence juridique assuraient la domination), et passage à des sociétés plus ouvertes (au prix souvent d'un certain désordre), où capital financier et matière grise sont les deux mamelles du succès. Alors que la société est plus fluide, les inégalités augmentent. La seule réponse solide qui peut être apportée à ce paradoxe contemporain est un développement de même ampleur de l'éducation, quantitativement et qualitativement. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avions décidé d'organiser, à la fin du mois de septembre 1999, dans le cadre de « la Cita » de Biarritz, un grand colloque sur « les défis de l'éducation en Amérique latine ». Il nous apparaissait en effet que le moment était venu de donner une impulsion aux études menées en Europe sur ces questions, afin que les expériences menées de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique soient mieux connues et que de cette connaissance puisse surgir une stratégie quant au développement de l'éducation dans un monde et dans des sociétés équilibrés

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume I Introduction to DUNE

International audienceThe preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume II: DUNE Physics

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume II of this TDR, DUNE Physics, describes the array of identified scientific opportunities and key goals. Crucially, we also report our best current understanding of the capability of DUNE to realize these goals, along with the detailed arguments and investigations on which this understanding is based. This TDR volume documents the scientific basis underlying the conception and design of the LBNF/DUNE experimental configurations. As a result, the description of DUNE's experimental capabilities constitutes the bulk of the document. Key linkages between requirements for successful execution of the physics program and primary specifications of the experimental configurations are drawn and summarized. This document also serves a wider purpose as a statement on the scientific potential of DUNE as a central component within a global program of frontier theoretical and experimental particle physics research. Thus, the presentation also aims to serve as a resource for the particle physics community at large