15,017 research outputs found
The excitation function for Li+HF-->LiF+H at collision energies below 80 meV
We have measured the dependence of the relative integral cross section of the
reaction Li+HF-->LiF+H on the collision energy using crossed molecular beams.
By varying the intersection angle of the beams from 37{\deg} to 90{\deg} we
covered the energy range 25 meV < E_tr < 131 meV. We observe a monotonous rise
of the cross section with decreasing energy over the entire energy range
indicating that a possible translational energy threshold to the reaction is
significantly smaller than 25 meV. The steep rise is quantitatively recovered
by a Langevin-type excitation function based on a vanishing threshold and a
mean interaction potential energy ~R^-2.5 where R is the distance between the
reactants. To date all threshold energies deduced from ab-initio potentials and
zero-point vibrational energies are at variance with our results, however, our
findings support recent quantum scattering calculations that predict
significant product formation at collision energies far below these theoretical
thresholds.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Do financial constraints really matter? A case of understudied African firms
Abstract: Using a system of equations to account for the simultaneity, interâtemporal and interdependent nature of corporate decisions, we document several new insights into how emerging market firms allocate funds across competing usesâofâfunds. Emerging market firms save most of the operating cash flow. When the firms spend, they allocate the remainder to dividend payments first, followed by debt retirements, then equity repurchases and lastly investments. This pecking order of prioritizing savings and dividends ahead of other usesâofâfunds highlight difficulties in accessing external finance and a stubbornly resilient signalling motive for firms operating under a high degree of information asymmetry and agency costs. We further find significant asymmetry and heterogeneity in the allocation of funds conditional on credit constraints, deviations from target and around the financial crisis. Our findings signal the need for policies that improve access to external finance and information disclosure in emerging markets
Resolving Gas Dynamics in the Circumnuclear Region of a Disk Galaxy in a Cosmological Simulation
Using a hydrodynamic adaptive mesh refinement code, we simulate the growth
and evolution of a galaxy, which could potentially host a supermassive black
hole, within a cosmological volume. Reaching a dynamical range in excess of 10
million, the simulation follows the evolution of the gas structure from
super-galactic scales all the way down to the outer edge of the accretion disk.
Here, we focus on global instabilities in the self-gravitating, cold,
turbulence-supported, molecular gas disk at the center of the model galaxy,
which provide a natural mechanism for angular momentum transport down to sub-pc
scales. The gas density profile follows a power-law scaling as r^-8/3,
consistent with an analytic description of turbulence in a quasi-stationary
circumnuclear disk. We analyze the properties of the disk which contribute to
the instabilities, and investigate the significance of instability for the
galaxy's evolution and the growth of a supermassive black hole at the center.Comment: 16 pages (includes appendix), submitted to ApJ. Figures here are at
low resolution; for higher resolution version, download
http://casa.colorado.edu/~levinerd/ms.pd
X 1908+075: An X-ray Binary with a 4.4 day Period
X 1908+075 is an optically unidentified and highly absorbed X-ray source that
appears in early surveys such as Uhuru, OSO-7, Ariel V, HEAO-1, and the EXOSAT
Galactic Plane Survey. These surveys measured a source intensity in the range
of 2-12 mCrab at 2-10 keV, and the position was localized to ~ 0.5 degrees. We
use the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) All Sky Monitor (ASM) to confirm our
expectation that a particular Einstein IPC detection (1E 1908.4+0730) provides
the correct position for X 1908+075. The analysis of the coded mask shadows
from the ASM for the position of 1E 1908.4+0730 yields a persistent intensity ~
8 mCrab (1.5-12 keV) over a 3 year interval beginning in 1996 February.
Furthermore, we detect a period of 4.400 +- 0.001 days with a false alarm
probability < 1.0e-7 . The folded light curve is roughly sinusoidal, with an
amplitude that is 22 % of the mean flux. The X-ray period may be attributed to
the scattering and absorption of X-rays through a stellar wind combined with
the orbital motion in a binary system. We suggest that X 1908+075 is an X-ray
binary with a high mass companion star.Comment: 6 pages, two-column,"emulateapj" style, submitted to Ap
Use of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detectors for an Advanced X-ray Monitor
We describe a concept for a NASA SMEX Mission in which Gas Electron
Multiplier (GEM) detectors, developed at CERN, are adapted for use in X-ray
astronomy. These detectors can be used to obtain moderately large detector area
and two-dimensional photon positions with sub mm accuracy in the range of 1.5
to 15 keV. We describe an application of GEMs with xenon gas, coded mask
cameras, and simple circuits for measuring event positions and for
anticoincidence rejection of particle events. The cameras are arranged to cover
most of the celestial sphere, providing high sensitivity and throughput for a
wide variety of cosmic explosions. At longer timescales, persistent X-ray
sources would be monitored with unprecedented levels of coverage. The
sensitivity to faint X-ray sources on a one-day timescale would be improved by
a factor of 6 over the capability of the RXTE All Sky Monitor.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figs., in X-Ray and Gamma Ray Instrumentation for
Astronomy XI, SPIE conference, San Diego, Aug. 200
Exact renormalization-group analysis of first order phase transitions in clock models
We analyze the exact behavior of the renormalization group flow in
one-dimensional clock-models which undergo first order phase transitions by the
presence of complex interactions. The flow, defined by decimation, is shown to
be single-valued and continuous throughout its domain of definition, which
contains the transition points. This fact is in disagreement with a recently
proposed scenario for first order phase transitions claiming the existence of
discontinuities of the renormalization group. The results are in partial
agreement with the standard scenario. However in the vicinity of some fixed
points of the critical surface the renormalized measure does not correspond to
a renormalized Hamiltonian for some choices of renormalization blocks. These
pathologies although similar to Griffiths-Pearce pathologies have a different
physical origin: the complex character of the interactions. We elucidate the
dynamical reason for such a pathological behavior: entire regions of coupling
constants blow up under the renormalization group transformation. The flows
provide non-perturbative patterns for the renormalization group behavior of
electric conductivities in the quantum Hall effect.Comment: 13 pages + 3 ps figures not included, TeX, DFTUZ 91.3
X-ray variability of AGNs in the soft and the hard X-ray bands
We investigate the X-ray variability characteristics of hard X-ray selected
AGNs (based on Swift/BAT data) in the soft X-ray band using the RXTE/ASM data.
The uncertainties involved in the individual dwell measurements of ASM are
critically examined and a method is developed to combine a large number of
dwells with appropriate error propagation to derive long duration flux
measurements (greater than 10 days). We also provide a general prescription to
estimate the errors in variability derived from rms values from unequally
spaced data. Though the derived variability for individual sources are not of
very high significance, we find that, in general, the soft X-ray variability is
higher than those in hard X-rays and the variability strengths decrease with
energy for the diverse classes of AGN. We also examine the strength of
variability as a function of the break time scale in the power density spectrum
(derived from the estimated mass and bolometric luminosity of the sources) and
find that the data are consistent with the idea of higher variability at time
scales longer than the break time scale.Comment: 17 pages, 15 Postscript figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication
in Ap
Magneto-optical evidence of the percolation nature of the metal-insulator transition in the 2D electron system
We compare the results of the transport and time-resolved
magneto-luminescence measurements in disordered 2D electron systems in
GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures in the extreme quantum limit, in particular, in
the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition (MIT). At filling factors , the optical signal has two components: the single-rate exponentially
decaying part attributed to a uniform liquid and a power-law long-living tail
specific to a microscopically inhomogeneous state of electrons. We interprete
this result as a separation of the 2D electron system into a liquid and
localized phases, especially because the MIT occurs strikingly close to those
filling factors where the liquid occupies of the sample area (the
percollation threshold condition in two-component media).Comment: 5 pages RevTex + 4 fig., to appear in PRB, Rapid Com
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Non-Conserving Two-Species Driven Model
A two species particle model on an open chain with dynamics which is
non-conserving in the bulk is introduced. The dynamical rules which define the
model obey a symmetry between the two species. The model exhibits a rich
behavior which includes spontaneous symmetry breaking and localized shocks. The
phase diagram in several regions of parameter space is calculated within
mean-field approximation, and compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. In the
limit where fluctuations in the number of particles in the system are taken to
zero, an exact solution is obtained. We present and analyze a physical picture
which serves to explain the different phases of the model
Two-Channel Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Processes
Totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes, consisting of two coupled
parallel lattice chains with particles interacting with hard-core exclusion and
moving along the channels and between them, are considered. In the limit of
strong coupling between the channels, the particle currents, density profiles
and a phase diagram are calculated exactly by mapping the system into an
effective one-channel totally asymmetric exclusion model. For intermediate
couplings, a simple approximate theory, that describes the particle dynamics in
vertical clusters of two corresponding parallel sites exactly and neglects the
correlations between different vertical clusters, is developed. It is found
that, similarly to the case of one-channel totally asymmetric simple exclusion
processes, there are three stationary state phases, although the phase
boundaries and stationary properties strongly depend on inter-channel coupling.
An extensive computer Monte Carlo simulations fully support the theoretical
predictions.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure
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