From sacred text to religious text: an intellectual history of the impact of erasmian lower criticism on dogma as a contribution to the English Enlightenment and the Victorian crisis of faith

p IS been,0 com os candidate A religious belief in verbal inspiration gave the Christian Bible its sacred text status within the matrix of the Church. The lower, or textual criticism, first practiced outside the sanction of the Church by Erasmus and developed ftirther by non-Trinitarians initially, offered the first significant direct challenge to this belief in the early modern period. This, the dissertation argues, was the proper beginning, phenomenologically speaking, of the process of desacralization. Moreover, it is argued that the desacralizing role of the lower criticism was further manifested when it was discovered that certain theologically significant passages, perceived by those in the Erasmian school to have resulted from later interpolation into the text of Scripture, illegitimately lent support to dogmas such as the Trinity, the deity of Christ and the virgin birth. The practice of lower criticism set in motion, well before the arrival of the higher criticism, a rather significant awakening of a historical consciousness about the developmenta

Percepción y efectos del ruido de tráfico en el distrito de Miraflores, Perú

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the perception and effects of noise in a specific community, for which we used structured noise surveys and measurements of sound pressure levels. Road traffic was the main source of noise and annoyance, followed by building activities. Sleep disturbance was the most negative effect caused by noise. Through the Traffic Noise Index, it was determined that 100% of the evaluated area is above the prohibitive noise limits.El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la percepción y los efectos del ruido en una comunidad específica, para lo cual utilizamos encuestas estructuradas sobre ruido y mediciones de niveles de presión sonora. El tráfico vehicular fue la principal fuente de ruido y de molestia, seguido por las obras de construcción. La perturbación del sueño fue el efecto más negativo causado por el ruido. A través del Índice de Ruido de Tráfico, se determinó que el 100% del área evaluada está por encima de los limites prohibitivos de ruido

Sediaan Daun Katuk dalam Pakan Ayam Pedaging Menurunkan Lemak Abdominal, Kadar Lemak, dan Kolesterol Daging (SUPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS PREPARATIONS KATUK LEAVES IN FEED CAUSING A DECREASE OF ABDOMINAL FAT, FAT AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS TO CARCASS OF BROILER

This research was designed to determine the efficacy of various preparations of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.) leaves on productivity and carcass quality of broiler chiken. This research used experimental methods of block randomized design. Experimental animals used in this study were 100 male broiler chickens (Ross) with body weight ±40 g. The chickens were divided into five experimental groups, namely: control group (control), katuk leaves powder (TDK), extract of dried katuk (EKK), extract of brewed katuk (EKS) and katuk juice (KP). Each treatment consisted of twenty chickens. The administration of feed treatment every day from the seventh days to 37th days-old chicken (age 1th to 5th) ad libitum. The results showed that the administration of preparation extract and juice (EKK, EKS and KP) leaves katuk able to improve carcass quality and prevent the decline in productivity growth in body weight compare with leaf meal preparation katuk (TDK) real body weight can reduce the growth of broiler chickens is 1645,80 g/individual (EKK), 1450,30 g/individual (EKS), 1472,50 g/individual (KP) and 1408,90 g/individual (TDK). The administration of various preparations of katuk had a positive response, especially in improving carcass quality characterized by the decrease in abdominal fat deposits, level of fat and cholesterol broiler meat. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai sediaaan katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.) terhadap produktivitas dan kualitas daging ayam pedaging/broiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Hewan coba yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 100 ekor ayam broiler jantan (strain Ross) bobot badan sekitar 40 g yang dikelompokan ke dalam lima kelompok perlakuan pakan, yaitu: kontrol, tepung daun katuk (TDK), ekstrak katuk kering (EKK), ekstrak katuk seduh (EKS), dan katuk perasan (KP). Setiap perlakuan terdiri atas 20 ekor ayam. Pemberian pakan perlakuan dilakukan setiap hari mulai usia hari ke tujuh sampai ayam berusia 37 hari(minggu ke-1 sampai mingu ke-5) ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sediaan ekstrak dan perasan (EKK, EKS, dan KP) daun katuk mampu meningkatkan kualitas karkas dan mencegah penurunan produktivitas pertumbuhan bobot badan dibandingkan dengan sediaan tepung daun katuk (TDK) yang nyata dapat menurunkan pertumbuhan bobot badan ayam broiler yaitu 1645,80 g/ekor (EKK), 1450,30 g/ekor (EKS), 1472,50 g/ekor (KP), dan 1408,90 g/ekor (TDK). Pemberian berbagai sediaan katuk memiliki respons positif terutama dalam peningkatan kualitas karkas ditandai dengan penurunan deposit lemak abdominal, kadar lemak, dan kolesterol daging ayam broiler

Tejiendo redes : el VIH visto a través de 14 activistas de Latinoamérica

Tejiendo redes: el VIH visto a través de 14 activistas de Latinoaméica es un libro coral, un carrusel de anécdotas, historias, opiniones y análisis sobre una de las grandes pandemias de nuestro tiempo: el sida. A cuarenta años de la primera descripción clínica de casos de lo que se conoció como el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, nos encontramos en un momento propicio para ver con mayor perspectiva el fenómeno de esta pandemia. Definitivamente, la coyuntura es ideal para debatir el tema del VIH y quien mejor que los, las y les activistas de nuestra región para hablarnos de la desesperación y el ostracismo padecido. Pero también, para que nos cuenten cómo a pesar de los estigmas y de las limitaciones, lograron buscar soluciones, se reunieron, organizaron y crearon un mejor futuro para las nuevas generaciones. Este libro es el testimonio de que es imposible escribir sobre el VIH sin acercarse a los movimientos de activistas, a sus redes y a sus organizaciones