Propuesta de un código ético profesional para el terapista ocupacional y recreativo de la Escuela de Ciencias Psicológicas de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.

Proponer un código de ética profesional para el terapista ocupacional y recreativo de la Escuela de Ciencias Psicológicas de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Se llevó a cabo una investigación sobre la necesidad de la creación de un código ético y la aplicación del mismo en la práctica supervisada del estudiante. La población estuvo conformada por 16 profesionales y 27 estudiantes de primer semestre, tercer semestre y tercer año de la carrera de Terapia Ocupacional y Recreativa, de la Escuela de Ciencias Psicológicas de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, durante el año 2011, jornada nocturna y sabatina. Se aplicaron cuestionarios de opinión a los estudiantes y profesionales de la carrera para luego ser analizadas las necesidades que tiene la población, en este caso la comunidad de Terapia Ocupacional y Recreativa de tener un código ético, para lo cual se proponen algunos de los principios éticos más importantes para regir al profesional y los estudiantes. Se evidenció la necesidad de contar con un código de ética para el Terapista Ocupacional y Recreativo

Desarrollo de las capacidades gluconeogénica y glucolítica de corteza renal durante ciclos de ayuno y alimentación

Se han estudiado los efectos de diferentes ciclos alternativos de alimentación y ayuno sobre las capacidades gluconeogénica y glucolítica de corteza renal, así como sobre los principales enzimas implicados en ambos procesos. Durante el período de alimentación, caracterizado por someter a los animales a una dieta rica en carbohidratos, la capacidad gluconeogénica de corteza renal disminuyó hasta un máximo del 60 %, mientras que el flujo glucolítico se incrementó significativamente a lo largo del tiempo llegando a alcanzar un valor superior al 100 %. La situación cambia durante el período de ayuno, dando lugar a un importante y significativo (70 %) incremento de la síntesis de glucosa con una disminución (31 %) de la capacidad glucolítica. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo permiten concluir que la corteza renal es capaz de poner en marcha los mecanismos adecuados de adaptación frente a diferentes situaciones nutricionales, indicando el importante papel que juega este tejido en el mantenimiento del estado glucostático del animal.The effects of different starve-feed cycles on gluconeogenic and glycolytic capacities of kidney cortex have been studied. Opposite effects were found during these nutritional states (feeding, characterized by a high carbohydrate diet, and starvation) and both metabolic processes. During the feeding state, a decrease in the gluconeogenic flux was parallel to an increase in the glycolytic one. The behaviour of these metabolic processes was opposed during starvation. The results in this work show that kidney cortex, is able to adapt itself to different availability of exogenous macronutrients or nutritional situations, pointing out the important role that it plays in the maintenance of the glucostatic state of the animal

Unveiling the Differential Antioxidant Activity of Maslinic Acid in Murine Melanoma Cells and in Rat Embryonic Healthy Cells Following Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide

Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L. with multiple biological properties. The aim of the present study was to examine MA’s effect on cell viability (by the MTT assay), reactive oxygen species (ROS levels, by flow cytometry) and key antioxidant enzyme activities (by spectrophotometry) in murine skin melanoma (B16F10) cells compared to those on healthy cells (A10). MA induced cytotoxic effects in cancer cells (IC50 42 M), whereas no effect was found in A10 cells treated withMA(up to 210 M). In order to produce a stress situation in cells, 0.15mMH2O2 was added. Under stressful conditions, MA protected both cell lines against oxidative damage, decreasing intracellular ROS, which were higher in B16F10 than in A10 cells. The treatment with H2O2 and without MA produced different responses in antioxidant enzyme activities depending on the cell line. In A10 cells, all the enzymes were up-regulated, but in B16F10 cells, only superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase increased their activities. MA restored the enzyme activities to levels similar to those in the control group in both cell lines, highlighting that in A10 cells, the highest MA doses induced values lower than control. Overall, these findings demonstrate the great antioxidant capacity of MA.General Secretariat of Universities, Research and Technology of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Government of the Junta de Andalucia (Spain) BIO-157program FEDER-INNTERCONECTA from the Spanish Government C-3650-0

Nutraceutical Role of Polyphenols and Triterpenes Present in the Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Olea europaea as Antioxidants, Anti-Infectives and Anticancer Agents on Healthy Growth

This research has been funded by the Junta de Andalucia (Andalusian Research Plan, Junta de Andalucia, Spain) by the grant from the research group BIO-157 "Drugs, Environmental Toxics and Cellular Metabolism".There is currently a worldwide consensus and recognition of the undoubted health benefits of the so-called Mediterranean diet, with its intake being associated with a lower risk of mortality. The most important characteristics of this type of diet are based on the consumption of significant amounts of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and nuts, which provide, in addition to some active ingredients, fiber and a proportion of vegetable protein, together with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as the main sources of vegetable fat. Fish and meat from poultry and other small farm animals are the main sources of protein. One of the main components, as already mentioned, is EVOO, which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and to a lesser extent in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The intake of this type of nutrient also provides an important set of phytochemicals whose health potential is widely spread and agreed upon. These phytochemicals include significant amounts of anthocyanins, stilbenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes of varying complexities. Therefore, the inclusion in the diet of this type of molecules, with a proven healthy effect, provides an unquestionable preventive and/or curative activity on an important group of pathologies related to cardiovascular, infectious, and cancerous diseases, as well as those related to the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is therefore to shed light on the nutraceutical role of two of the main phytochemicals present in Olea europaea fruit and leaf extracts, polyphenols, and triterpenes, on healthy animal growth. Their immunomodulatory, anti-infective, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-carcinogenic capabilities show them to be potential nutraceuticals, providing healthy growth.Junta de Andalucia BIO-15

Influencia de ciclos alternativos alimentación-ayuno sobre los principales enzimas del metabolismo renal de carbohidratos

Con objeto de explicar molecularmente los cambios descritos en el metabolismo renal de carbohidratos ( 1) se han estudiado los efectos que diferentes ciclos de alimentación y ayuno presentan sobre los principales enzimas implicados en los procesos glucolítico y gluconeogénico. En general durante el período de alimentación se activan los enzimas glucolíticos y se inhiben los gluconeogénicos .. Efectos opuestos se observan durante los períodos de ayuno. Estos resultados permiten concluir que la corteza renal es capaz de adaptar continuamente los mecanismos enzimáticos necesarios para ajustar el destino de macronutrientes tanto de procedencia exógena como endógena.In order to explain the changes previously described by us in the renal carbohydrate metabolism during different starved-feed cycles ( 1), the effects of this nutritional situation on the most important enzymes in volved in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic processes have been studied. In general, during the feed-state all the glycolytic enzymes increased its activities whereas a decrease was found in the gluconeogenic ones. Opposite effects were obtanined during starvation. Several mechanism of enzymatic regulation are shown throughout the development of these nutritional conditions

Maslinic Acid, a Triterpene from Olive, Affects the Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Status of B16F10 Melanoma Cells Grown under Stressful Conditions

Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural compound whose structure corresponds to a pentacyclic triterpene. It is abundant in the cuticular lipid layer of olives. MA has many biological and therapeutic properties related to health, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities. However, no studies have been performed to understand the molecular mechanism induced by this compound in melanoma cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of MA in melanoma (B16F10) cells grown in the presence or absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). We performed cell proliferation measurements, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements using dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) and activities of catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase. These changes were corroborated by expression assays. FBS absence reduced cell viability decreasing IC50 values of MA.The DHR 123 data showed an increase in the ROS level in the absence of FBS. Furthermore, MA had an antioxidant effect at lower assayed levels measured as DHR and antioxidant defense.However, at higher dosagesMAinduced cellular damage by apoptosis as seen in the results obtained.This study has been supported, in part, by funds of the consolidated Research Group BIO-157, from the General Secretariat of Universities, Research and Technology of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Government of the Junta de Andaluc´ıa (Spain), and by the Research Contract no. C-3650-00 under the program FEDER-INNTERCONECTA from the Spanish Government and European Union FEDER funds. Amalia P´erez-Jim´enez is a recipient of a postdoctoral research fellowship Torres- Quevedo no. PTQ 12-05739

Involvement of the PI3K/AKT Intracellular Signaling Pathway in the AntiCancer Activity of Hydroxytyrosol, a Polyphenol from Olea europaea, in Hematological Cells and Implication of HSP60 Levels in Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main representative of polyphenols of olive oil, has been described as one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, also showing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and anticancer activity in different type of cancers, but has been little studied in hematological neoplasms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anticancer potential of HT in acute human leukemia T cells (Jurkat and HL60) and the anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages (Raw264.7). For this, cytotoxicity tests were performed for HT, showing IC50 values, at 24 h, for Jurkat, HL60 and Raw264.7 cells, of 27.3 mu g center dot mL(-1), 109.8 mu g center dot mL(-1) and 45.7 mu g center dot mL(-1), respectively. At the same time, HT caused cell arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase in both Jurkat and HL60 cells by increasing G(0)/G(1) phase and significantly decreasing S phase. Apoptosis and cell cycle assays revealed an antiproliferative effect of HT, decreasing the percentage of dividing cells and increasing apoptosis. Furthermore, HT inhibited the PI3K signaling pathway and, consequently, the MAPK pathway was activated. Inflammation tests revealed that HT acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing NO levels in Raw264.7 cells previously stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These processes were confirmed by the changes in the expression of the main markers of inflammation and cancer. In conclusion, HT has an anticancer and anti-inflammatory effect in the cell lines studied, which were Raw264.7, Jurkat, and HL60, and could be used as a natural drug in the treatment of liquid cancers, leukemias, myelomas and lymphomas.General Secretariat of Universities, Research and Technology of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment of the Government of the Junta de Andalucia, Spain BIO-15

Maslinic Acid, a Natural Triterpene, Induces a Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptotic Mechanism in Caco-2 p53-Deficient Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells

Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural triterpene present in high concentrations in the waxy skin of olives. We have previously reported that MA induces apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in HT29 colon cancer cells. Here, we show that MA induces apoptosis in Caco-2 colon cancer cells via the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in a dose-dependent manner. MA triggered a series of effects associated with apoptosis, including the cleavage of caspases -8 and -3, and increased the levels of t-Bid within a few hours of its addition to the culture medium. MA had no effect on the expression of the Bax protein, release of cytochrome-c or on the mitochondrial membrane potential. This suggests that MA triggered the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in this cell type, as opposed to the intrinsic pathway found in the HT29 colon-cancer cell line. Our results suggest that the apoptotic mechanism induced in Caco-2 may be different from that found in HT29 colon-cancer cells, and that in Caco-2 cells MA seems to work independently of p53. Natural antitumoral agents capable of activating both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways could be of great use in treating colon-cancer of whatever origin.This study was supported by grants Group BIO 157 from the Technology and Innovation Council of the Andalucian regional government and AGL2006-12210-C03-02/ALI, SAF2005-01627, ISCIII-RTICC (RD06/0020/0046) from the Spanish government and European Union FEDER funds

Influencias nutricionales sobre las capacidades gluconeogénica y glucolítica de corteza renal de rata

Bibliog. al final de la obraSe ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la corteza renal en el mantenimiento de los niveles de glucosa sanguínea. El riñón es capaz de adaptar el metabolismo de carbohidratos ante diferentes situaciones nutricionales. Así cuando hay un aporte excesivo de carbohidratos en la dieta el riñón responde disminuyendo la gluconeogénesis e incrementando la glucólisis igual que ocurre en el hígado. En el ayuno los cambios que tienen lugar en la corteza renal siguen una dirección opuestaUniversidad de Granada. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Leida el 28 de junio de 198