Zasada wolności działalności gospodarczej – zasada prawa prywatnego czy publicznego?

This article examines the basis and scope of the Polish 1997 Constitutions principle of freedom of economic activity. The article begins by taking a general look at the public – private law distinction and the theory of legal principles, including constitutional principles. The article then discusses the freedom of economic activity as a right to reject interference by the state and as a right to reject interference by others (individuals, organizations, etc.). Finally, the article presents some open problems with conflicts between the principle of freedom of economic activity and other legal principles.Anna Piszcz - Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuBeata Leszczyńska - Uniwersytet w Białymstok

The contamination of soil with metal ions and a content of biologically active compounds in the selected consumer plants

Soil has been habitually the most common sink for wastes containing heavy metals [1]. Higher metal ions concentration in plants caused several physiological and biochemical disorders including reduced growth and yield, nutrient uptake, changes in chloroplast ultrastructure and initiation of oxidative stress [2, 3]. Antioxidant enzymes are one mechanism plants have evolved as a response to metal-induced toxicity [4]. For example, guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) significantly contribute to regulate the cellular redox homeostasis to a safe level [5]. The present study investigates the biochemical effects of metal ions-poisoning on plants from a Lamiaceae and Brassicaceae families

CHANGES IN THE INCOMES AND EXPENDITURES OF HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND AND THEIR REGIONAL RELATIONS

The article assesses the financial situation of households in 2000-2019 in prospect of changes of incomes and expenditures in Poland. It has been assumed, as a point of reference, that dispersionof the analysed processes is dependent on geographical area– therefore regional scale was applied. To the analysis and comparison the data from the researches on households budgetsperformed by GUS were used. Adopting simultaneously an econometric approach (considering the time (years 2000-2019) as independent, explanatory variable) analytical trend functions wereestimated. A retrospective analysis of the incomes and expenditures of the population of Poland indicates the growing trends. Regional comparative analysis of households allows to drawconclusions that level of economic condition is very diversified

THE INFLUENCE OF SiC PARTICLE SIZE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES

The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of SiC particle size on the mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites. The reinforcing phase was introduced into the aluminum matrix in two different particle sizes: a coarse fraction with particle size ranging from 40 to 60 μm, and a fine fraction with particle size of less than 2 μm. The SiC particles were added in various quantities equal to 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% in order to determine the influence of different contents of the reinforcing phase on the density, hardness, and compressive strength of the obtained composite materials. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the microstructure observations were performed and allowed for defining the influence of matrix/reinforcement particle size ratio (PSR) on the  distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix. The Al-SiC composites were prepared through the conventional powder metallurgy technique, including compaction under a pressure of 300 MPa and a sintering process in a nitrogen atmosphere at 600°C. Applying the reinforcing phase with the particle size (40–60 μm) similar to matrix (<63 μm) allowed us to obtain a more-uniform distribution of SiC particles in the matrix than after introducing the fine fraction of reinforcement (2 μm). The mechanical properties of the Al-SiC composites increased with increases in the weight fraction of the reinforcing phase, wherein this effect is more visible for composites reinforced with SiC particles of finer gradation

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and subclinical inflammation in children with chronic kidney disease

Background. Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are characterized by increased risk of hypertension andchronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of the study was the analysis of relation between parameters of ambulatoryblood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and subclinical inflammation in children with CKD. Material and methods. Study group included 27 paediatric patients (age 14.23 ± 3.57 years) with CKD stage 2–5;18 children with previously recognized hypertension. In all patients we evaluated ABPM, office blood pressure,complete blood count and selected clinical and biochemical parameters. Results. In the study group, GFR was from 7.05 to 86.73, mean 40.88 ± 25.82 mL/min/1.73 m2. All 9 childrenwithout hypertension had normal blood pressure in ABPM, but ABPM detected poor blood pressure control in 7among 18 (38.9%) children with previously recognized and treated hypertension. Abnormal circadian blood pressureprofile was found in 12 (44.4%) children: 9/18 (50.0%) with hypertension and 3/9 (33.3%) with normal BP. Systolic,diastolic, mean blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure load correlated with neutrophil count, neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (r = 0.39–0.49, p = 0.010–0.044); diastolic and mean bloodpressure and diastolic blood pressure load with parathormone (r = 0.48–0.57, p = 0.005–0.023); diastolic bloodpressure load with phosphate and calcium-phosphorus product (r = 0.44–0.47, p = 0.021-0.030); diastolic bloodpressure dipping with phosphate (r = –0.43, p = 0.034). Conclusions. 1. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be used in children with chronic kidney disease on aregular basis, especially in those with arterial hypertension. 2. Blood pressure in children with chronic kidney diseasemay be related to degree of subclinical inflammation

Pro-Health Conditions in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Introduction. Man, undertaking specific prohealth activities, resisting other, anti-health behavior, can not only avoid deterioration of health, but also improve psychophysical condition. Puprose of the study. The purpose of this study is description of prophylactic activities undertaken by patients with ischemic heart disease, focused on maintaining good health and prevention of its deterioration and establishing if social factors and lifestyle influence pro-health activities in theres patients. Material and methods. The study encomapssed 100 patients (55 men and 45 women) aged between 40 and 70 (aver. Age 58.3±6.3 years) with ischemic heart disease, qualified to operation within the range of the cardiac muscle. Material was collected with the use of the questionnaire, containing „open” questions, which were easily answered by participants and „closed” questions, requiring selection of one or several answers from possibilities given by the authors. Participants described activities within fields mentioned in the questionnaire: eating habits (regularity and quality of meals), physical activity (movement and sports), sleep hygiene, avoiding stimulants, managing stress and taking advantage of medical counseling. Results. 66.7% of women and 61.9% of men seem to be consistent when it applies to reduction of fats of animal origin in diet, unfortunately only 27.8% of women and 24.4% of men responed that fruits and vegetables are an inseparable element of their daily diet. 87% of patients living in villages eat regular breakfast, and only 18.2% of those livin in towns; frequency of eating the remaining meals is the same and amounts to 38.2% and 58.2%, respectively. Unfortunately, only 11.1% of women and 14.5% of men reported that they are systematically involved in some form of activity, whereas 24.4% of women and 25.5% of men do not exercise at all. From among participants, 49% do not smoke, although only 9% have never smoked. The highest percentage of habitual smokers, amounting to as much as 17.4%, was reported among residents of villages. In big cities and small towns it amounted to, respectively, 6.8% and 6.1%. 13% of patients see alcohol drinking as the solution for their problems and 11% in taking antidepressants. Men (20%) reach for alcohol more often than women (4.4%), whereas women (20%) more frequently take antidepressants than men (3.6%). Regular thythm of sleep and activity is maintained by 31% of participants; 33% state that they undergo systematic medical examinations, although the largest group is the oldest patients, between 60 and 70 years of age. Conclusions. 1. People from the oldest age group are most concerned for their health; they more often undergo medical examinations, abide by sleep hygiene and avoid bad habits. 2. People with ischemic heart disease do not take advantage of an opportunity for improvement of their health, a significant percentage of them get involved in anti-health activities.Człowiek, podejmując szczególne działania prozdrowotne, pokonując inne, antyzdrowotne zachowania, może nie tylko zapobiec pogarszaniu się stanu zdrowia, ale także poprawić kondycję psychofizyczną. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest opis działań profilaktycznych podejmowanych przez pacjentów z chorobą niedokrwienną serca, ukierunkowanych na utrzymanie dobrego stanu zdrowia i zapobieganie jego degradacji oraz ustalenie, czy czynniki społeczne i styl życia wpływają na prozdrowotne działania tych pacjentów. Materiał i metody. Badanie obejmowało 100 pacjentów (55 mężczyzn i 45 kobiet) w wieku od 40 do 70 (średnia wieku 58,3±6,3 roku) z chorobą niedokrwienną serca, zakwalifikowanych do operacji w zakresie mięśnia sercowego. Materiał zebrano przy użyciu kwestionariusza zawierającego pytania „otwarte”, na które było łatwo odpowiedzieć uczestnikom, i pytania „zamknięte”, wymagające wyboru jednej lub kilku odpowiedzi podanych przez autorów. Uczestnicy opisali działalność w dziedzinach wymienionych w kwestionariuszu: nawyki żywieniowe (regularność i jakość posiłków), aktywność fizyczna (ruch i sport), higiena snu, unikanie używek, zarządzanie stresem i korzystanie z poradnictwa medycznego. Wyniki. 66,7% kobiet i 61,9% mężczyzn wydaje się zgodne w odniesieniu do redukcji tłuszczów pochodzenia zwierzęcego w diecie. Niestety, tylko 27,8% kobiet i 24,4% odpowiedziało, że owoce i warzywa są nieodłącznym elementem ich codziennej diety. 87% pacjentów mieszkających na wsi je regularne śniadanie, a tylko 18,2% osób mieszkających w miastach; częstotliwość jedzenia posiłków pozostałych jest taka sama i wynosi odpowiednio 38,2% i 58,2%. Niestety, tylko 11,1% kobiet i 14,5% mężczyzn stwierdziło, że systematycznie uczestniczy w jakiejś formie aktywności, podczas gdy 24,4% kobiet i 25,5% mężczyzn nie ćwiczy w ogóle. Spośród uczestników 49% nie pali, ale tylko 9% nigdy nie paliło. Najwyższy odsetek nałogowych palaczy, nawet do 17,4%, odnotowano wśród mieszkańców wsi. W dużych miastach i małych miasteczkach wynosił on odpowiednio 6,8% i 6,1%. 13% pacjentów podało picie alkoholu jako rozwiązanie dla swoich problemów, a 11% przyjmowanie leków przeciwdepresyjnych. Mężczyźni (20%) sięgają po alkohol częściej niż kobiety (4,4%), natomiast kobiety (20%) częściej biorą leki przeciwdepresyjne niż mężczyźni (3,6%). Regularny rytm snu snu i aktywności jest utrzymywany przez 31% uczestników, 33% deklaruje, że poddaje się systematycznym badaniom lekarskim, największa grupa to najstarsi z pacjentów - między 60. a 70. rokiem życia

Zastosowanie pessarów w leczeniu niewydolności cieśniowo-szyjkowej

Abstract Vaginal pessaries have been reported to be useful in women who are at risk of preterm delivery since 1959. Bedrest and cervical cerclage have become standard therapy for women with cervical insufficiency. However, cerclage is not without risk. Furthermore, advances in ultrasound have allowed us to identify women who are potentially at risk of preterm delivery by detecting cervical shortening before dilatation. A variety of studies suggest that pessaries can increase the percentage of full-term deliveries when used in women with an incompetent cervix. Pessary use should be considered as adjuncts to cerclage or as a solution for women who are not good candidates for cerclage. This article reviews the published literature concerning the use of pessaries in women with an incompetent cervix or at risk of early delivery.Streszczenie Pessary szyjkowe opisywane są jako metoda postępowania w niewydolności cieśniowo-szyjkowej od 1959 roku. Standardowe postępowanie obejmuje założenie szwu okrężnego szyjki macicy oraz ograniczenie aktywności fizycznej. Jednakie założenie szwu okrężnego wiąże się z ryzykiem powikłań. Dostępność ultrasonografii umożliwia szybszą i dokładniejszą diagnostykę ryzyka porodu przedwczesnego poprzez pomiary długości szyjki macicy. Wiele badań opisuje spadek odsetka porodów przedwczesnych w przypadku zastosowania pessarów szyjkowych do leczenia niewydolności cieśniowo-szyjkowej. Stosowanie pessarów poleca się szczególnie w przypadku kobiet, które nie mogą mieć założonego szwu okrężnego na szyjkę macicy. Artykuł opisuje badania dotyczące zastosowania pessarów w leczeniu niewydolności cieśniowo-szyjkowej

Niedokrwistość z niedoboru żelaza w położnictwie i ginekologii

W pracy przedstawiono patofizjologię i epidemiologię niedokrwistości z niedoboru żelaza oraz jej konsekwencje w położnictwie i ginekologii. Omówiono również zasady diagnostyki niedokrwistości oraz postępowanie terapeu­tyczne w przypadku rozpoznania niedokrwistości z niedoboru żelaza. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie profilaktyki pierwotnej niedokrwistości, w tym na znaczenie kształtowania odpowiednich nawyków żywieniowych, a w grupach ryzyka na suplementację preparatami żelaza w dawkach profilaktycznych