COHESION AND COHERENCE IN ARTICLES ABOUT PTNBH IN UNPAD’S WEBSITE: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS STUDY

PTNBH (Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum/Corporate University) is an independent status of universities that have their own authority. Many internal system of universities are undergoing changes, but these changes provide an opportunity for universities to improve their quality. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) inaugurated the change of status to corporate university (PTNBH) in January 2017. The change was officially marked through the signing of declaration by the Minister of Research and Technology. The event is written in an article published in www.unpad.ac.id. The article is considered as important news relating to the topic and it influences the appeareance of time in website. In article or discourse,cohesion is the relationship between sentences in a discourse, both grammatically and lexically. Using good cohesion, a speaker or writer will be able to produce good discourse. This study will look at (1) how lexical cohesive devices appear in this article and then see (2) whether the lexical cohesive devices affect the number of readers of the article. This underlies the selection of research objects that are closely related to the change of Unpad status to PTNBH. Halliday and Hasan use cohesion to refer to relations of meaning that define it as a text (1976: 4). The definition is thus a semantic one, and like all the components of the semantic system, cohesion is realized through grammar and vocabulary. According to Halliday and Hasan, cohesion can be divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion includes devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction, while lexical cohesion is divided into reiteration (repetition, synonymy etc.) and collocation (co-occurrence of lexical items). The result of this study will give recommendation to Unpad website maintainers relating to writing style in news

OPTIMASI TEKNIK WESTERN BLOT UNTUK DETEKSI EKSPRESI PROTEIN TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.)

Optimization of Western Blot Technique for Protein Expression of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) Western blot (WB) technique has been widely used for analyzing protein expression and for identifying specific proteins derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms. During the use of WB, especially in agricultural studies, some difficulties are encountered such as unclear or unspecific protein bands, the presence of bubbles, and the absence of protein bands on membrane. This study aims to determine the WB conditions appropriate for the protein expression of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Protein from rice plant was extracted and the obtained protein lysate was then used for proteomic analysis using western blot with β-actin antibody. Our experiment showed that some optimized parameters like blocking buffers, the concentration of primary antibody and the ratio of secondary antibody determined the clarity of the results. β-actin was used as internal control that measured the success of the WB technique. Results showed that lysis process was important in determining good WB results in addition to the optimal blocking solution using a BSA of 0.2%, a primary antibody concentration of 1 μg mL–1, and a secondary antibody of 1:10,000. Optimizing techniques during extraction, incubation, and documentation facilitated good WB results.Keywords: β-actin; optimization; protein; rice plant; western blotABSTRAKTeknik western blot (WB) telah banyak digunakan untuk analisis ekspresi protein dan mengidentifikasi protein spesifik dari hewan, tumbuhan dan mikroorganisme. Dalam implementasi teknik WB, khususnya studi dalam bidang pertanian, beberapa kesulitan ditemui seperti pita protein tidak jelas, tidak spesifik, adanya gelembung, hingga tidak munculnya pita protein pada membran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi WB yang tepat untuk deteksi protein tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.). Protein tanaman padi diekstraksi, kemudian lysate protein yang didapat dianalisis dengan metode westernblot menggunakan antibody β-actin. Penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa beberapa parameter yang dioptimasi seperti larutan blocking, konsentrasi antibodi primer dan rasio antibodi sekunder akan menentukan hasil yang jelas. β-actin digunakan sebagai kontrol internal yang menjadi tolok ukur keberhasilan teknik WB. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proses lisis menjadi hal penting dalam menentukan hasil WB yang baik disamping larutan blocking yang optimal menggunakan BSA 0,2%, konsentrasi antibodi primer 1 µg mL–1 dan antibodi sekunder 1:10.000. Mengoptimalkan teknik selama ekstraksi, inkubasi dan dokumentasi membantu mendapatkan hasil WB yang baik

THE VIABILITY TEST OF SAPPAN WOOD (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN THE H9C2 CELL LINE

Objective: In this study, the embryonic rat cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2 was used to investigate the cardiotoxicity effect of sappan wood ethanol extract (SWEE). Methods: Sappan wood was extracted in 96% ethanol and divided into dose concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 150 μg/ml, with deferiprone used as a control. Cell viability was assessed using the PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent, according to manufacturer protocols. Results: Microscopic examination showed that the cell viability of H9C2 was preserved by SWEE treatments at a dose of 10 μg/ml and suggested dose concentrations of 50 μg/ml of SWEE. The percentage of viable cells was greater than 95% with a dose concentration of 10 μg/ml of SWEE, but it was significantly reduced with a dose concentration of 50 μg/ml of SWEE (p<0.05). Conclusion: The optimal dose concentration of SWEE to reach 95% cell viability was 10 μg/ml

Modulation of Autophagy and Mitochondrial Dynamics Gene Expression by Turmeric and Mangosteen Peel Extract

High fat diet (HFD) induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction which culminates in fatty liver disease. Autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics are affected by HFD. Turmeric and mangosteen have potential roles as antioxidants and regulators of mitochondrial function in the liver. The study aims to examine the effect of turmeric and mangosteen peel extract on autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in the liver after HFD induction. Five groups of animals (n=5) as used: negative control, positive control (HFD), turmeric (HFD + 270 mg/kg BW turmeric extract), mangosteen (HFD + mangosteen 270 mg/kg BW peel extract), and fenofibrate (HFD + 15 mg/kg BW fenofibrate). HFD was given for 7 weeks, continued by another 7 weeks plus treatment. Liver sections were extracted to conduct semi-quantitative PCR. Autophagy (LC3, p62), mitophagy (Pink1, Parkin, Bnip3), mitochondrial fission (Drp1, Fis1), and mitochondrial fusion (Opa1, Mfn1, Mfn2) gene expression were measured. LC3 (p=0.048), p62 (p=0.043), Pink1 (p=0.012), Bnip3 (p=0.010), Mfn1 (p=0.015), and Mfn2 (p=0.035) gene expressions were differed significantly, while Parkin (p=0.098) Drp1 (p=0.962), Fis1 (p=0.570), and Opa1 (p=0.055) gene expressions did not differ between groups. Both turmeric and mangosteen peel extract have positive effects by activating autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial fusion in rat liver induced by HFD

Efek Suplementasi Selenium terhadap Marker Darah Pasca Cedera Kontusio

Selenium is a trace element that has antioxidant properties and is a component of selenoproteins. In certain circumstances, such as injury, selenium supplementation is required to regulate the inflammatory response. Contusion injury increases the inflammatory response to a muscle or tissue that begins with vasodilation, increases blood flow, increases vascular permeability, and leads to edema formation at the site of injury. Objectives: To determine the effect of selenium supplementation on changes in blood markers in rats treated with contusion injury. Methods: Experimental design, using experimental male rats (Rattus norwegius), eight weeks old, weighing 200-220 grams, divided into three groups, namely: The Control group, the contusion group, the contusion + Selenium group. Selenium supplementation was given orally on days 1-3 after injury at a dose of 0.0153 mg into 2% PGA. Examination of markers such as White Blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils was carried out on day three after treatment. Results: This study found that the administration of post-muscular selenium supplementation based on examination of blood markers such as WBC, Lymphocytes, Monocytes was higher in the contusion group and lower in the selenium group. Neutrophils were higher in the contusion and selenium groups. This was not significantly different from the control group. The result of blood marker examination tended to change, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Selenium supplementation in post-contusive injury mice did not provide significant changes in blood markers such as WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.Keywords:  antioxidant, blood marker, contusion, seleniu

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF THE MAJOR COMPOUNDS FROM GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS ON HUMAN SGLT-2 PROTEIN TRANSPORT USING STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN METHOD

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the molecular interactions of phytochemicals in Garcinia atroviridis with SGLT-2 protein transport. Methods: Molecular docking simulation using Autodock 4.2 was performed to explore the binding affinity of phytochemicals in Garcinia atroviridis against SGLT-2 protein transport. The structure-based pharmacophore model was derived using LigandScout 4.4 Advanced to investigate the important chemical interactions of the ligands and protein target. The evaluation was conducted based on the free energy binding and visualization in silico. Results: From this study, Myricetin is the most effective compound having similarity of interaction with the amino acid residue, 4 of 5 are hydrogen bond interactions between the amino acid; HIS80, ASN75, TRP291, and LYS321 amino acid interacted with the oxygen as the proton acceptor from benzenes of the Myricetin structure, in addition, Myricetin also has the lower binding energy and inhibition constant (-9.54 kcal/mol and 101.93 nM, respectively) as compared to other compounds. Conclusion: Hence, Myricetin could become the potential compound as an antidiabetic agent in the future with good activity and lower side effects

Effect of Exercise Duration on Klotho and GluN2B Gene Expressions in Hippocampus of Wistar Rats with Moderate Intensity Exercise

Exercise could delay the degeneration process by increasing Klotho, which is an endogen antioxidant. Klotho protects against oxidative damages, regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and enhances GluN2B expression. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 14-day and 8-week moderate-intensity exercise on Klotho and GluN2B mRNA expressions in rat hippocampus. This study was an animal experimental study using Wistar rats that was performed from June to September 2019 at the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. Rats were divided into 4 groups: control (14-day control and 8-week control) and exercise group (14-day exercise and 8-week exercise).  The exercise groups ran at a moderate intensity (20m/min) for 30min/day, 5x/week. Hippocampus was then subjected to klotho and GluN2B gene expression analysis. The exercise groups showed a higher Klotho expression, both in 14 days (0.844±0.124 vs. 1.057±0.013) and 8 weeks (0.897±0.072 vs. 1.380±0.168) although statistically insignificant (p=0.24). No difference in GluN2B gene expression was observed between control and exercise groups on 14 days (1±0.09 vs. 1.22±0.09) and 8 weeks (1.24±0.03 vs. 1.38±0.05; p=0.11). In conclusion, 14-day and 8-week moderate-intensity exercise did not alter Klotho and GluN2B expressions in rat hippocampus. Pengaruh Durasi Olahraga terhadap Perubahan Ekspresi Gen Klotho dan GluN2B di Hipokampus Tikus Galur Wistar yang Mendapatkan Perlakuan Lari Intensitas SedangOlahraga dapat menghambat proses degenerasi saraf dengan meningkatkan salah satu antioksidan endogen, yaitu Klotho. Klotho dapat melindungi sel neuron dari kerusakan oksidatif dan meningkatkan sinaptik plasticity pada hipokampus.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh olahraga lari pada hewan coba pada 14 hari dan 8 minggu terhadap perubahan ekspresi gen Klotho and GluN2B di hipokampus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni hingga September 2019 di Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Padjadjaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur wistar. Tikus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Olahraga dilakukan dengan treadmill tikus, kecepatan 20m/min, 30 menit perhari selama 5 kali perminggu. Kemudian, mRNA otak digunakan untuk PCR dengan menggunakan primer klotho dan GluN2B. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0.24) pada ekspresi gen Klotho pada 14 hari (0.844±0.124 vs 1.057±0.013) dan 8 minggu (0.897±0.072 vs 1.380±0.168) antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok lari. Ekspresi gen dari GluN2B juga tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0.11) pada 14 hari (1±0.09 vs 1.22±0.09)  dan 8 minggu (1.24±0.03 vs 1.38 ± 0.05). Simpulan, bahwa 8 minggu olahraga tidak meningkatan ekspresi Klotho dan GluN2B yang signifika

Comparison of Several Indonesian Medicinal Plants Effects on LDL-C and IL-6 Levels in Wistar Rats After High Fat Feeding

High-fat diet habits lead to an increase in LDL-C levels that eventually influence the atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, causing coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that releases various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. Indonesians often use medicinal plants to decrease cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the LDL-C and IL-6 levels after treatments of ethanol extracts from Java ginger (EEJG), turmeric (EET), garlic (EEG), and pomegranate flowers (EEPF) in a hypercholesterolemia animal model. This study was conducted at the Maranatha Biomedical Research Laboratory from June–December 2020. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=5 per group) and received high-fat feeding and 0.01% propylthiouracil. The following treatments were given for 28 days: oral carboxymethylcellulose 1% for negative control; 35 mg/200g of oral  EEJG, EET, EEG, EEPF for respective treatment groups (n=5 groups); and 0.36 mg/200 g of oral Rosuvastatin for positive control. It was demonstrated that the mean  LDL-C levels were 65.75 mg/dL, 55.25 mg/dL, 56.75 mg/dL, and 59.60 mg/dL for EEJG, EET, EEG, EEPF groups, respectively, which were significantly different from that of the negative control (81.73 mg/dL). The IL-6 levels of the EEJG (27.55 pg./mL) and EEG (27.54 pg./mL) group were significantly different from the EEPF group (24.5 pg./mL) but not significantly different from the negative control (25.58 pg./mL), EET (25.60 pg./mL), and rosuvastatin (26.09 pg./mL) groups. The administration of ethanol extracts of Java ginger, turmeric, garlic, and pomegranate flower decreases the C-LDL levels; however, only the ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers administered for 28 days decreases the IL-6 levels of Wistar rat hypercholesterolemia model, albeit insignificantly

INTERAKSI MOLEKULAR DARI RICIN-A DENGAN Beclin-1, LC3, DAN p62 PADA PROSES AUTOFAGI

Autofagi merupakan proses adaptasi yang dilakukan sebagai pertahanan dalam respon seluler, seperti kekurangan nutrisi atau stress metabolik lain. Mekanisme autofagi diregulasi oleh protein yang dinamakan Autophagy-Related Genes (ATG). Autofagi juga telah banyak dikaitkan dengan berbagai penyakit pada manusia, misalnya kanker atau penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Ricin merupakan protein toksik yang berasal dari biji jarak Ricinus communis L. dan banyak dieksplorasi untuk aktivitas antikanker melalui jalur pensinyalan caspase (apoptosis), namun belum ada penelitian pada jalur autofagi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menelaah mode ikatan yang terjadi antara ricin-A dan protein-protein yang berperan pada setiap tahap proses autofagi (Beclin-1, LC3 atau Light Chain 3, dan p62/Sequistrosome1). Metode yang digunakan adalah simulasi penambatan protein-protein menggunakan server online ClusPro (https://cluspro.org). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ricin-A dapat berinteraksi dengan Beclin-1. LC3, dan p62 melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dengan afinitas baik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ricin-A berperan penting dalam proses autofagi dan dapat dikembangkan menjadi fitofarmaka terapi kanker