12 research outputs found

    La révolution paléobiologique a-t-elle eu lieu en paléoanthropologie ?

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    Paleontology underwent a “paleobiological revolution” during the twentieth century (Sepkoski and Ruse, 2009), by becoming a theoretical science and a part of evolutionary biology. Although the history of paleoanthropology reflects a similar change, the paleobiological revolution is still incomplete in this field. This article explains why the change is only partial. We identify empirical limits, pertaining to the distinctive features of the fossil record in paleoanthropology, as well as epistemological limits, linked with several different understandings of what paleobiology means. Finally, we demonstrate that there is a need to consider paleoanthropology as being not only a branch of paleobiology, but also an anthropology. By doing so, it is possible to assess properly the paleobiological change in the field of human evolution. La palĂ©ontologie a connu au cours du XXe siĂšcle une « rĂ©volution palĂ©obiologique » (Sepkoski et Ruse, 2009), en se constituant comme science thĂ©orique et intĂ©grĂ©e Ă  la biologie de l’évolution. Si l’histoire de la palĂ©oanthropologie reflĂšte un tournant similaire, la rĂ©volution palĂ©obiologique reste, Ă  plusieurs Ă©gards, inachevĂ©e dans cette discipline. Cet article analyse les causes de cet inachĂšvement, en identifiant des limites empiriques, relatives aux particularitĂ©s du registre fossile de la palĂ©oanthropologie, mais aussi des limites Ă©pistĂ©mologiques, rapportĂ©es Ă  diffĂ©rentes conceptions de la palĂ©obiologie en jeu dans cette discipline. Nous montrons enfin qu’il est nĂ©cessaire de prendre en considĂ©ration la spĂ©cificitĂ© anthropologique de la discipline pour apprĂ©cier la particularitĂ© du tournant palĂ©obiologique dans le champ de l’évolution humaine

    Comment dĂ©finir l’humain Ă  partir de sa diversité ? Questions Ă©pistĂ©mologiques et enjeux philosophiques

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    Depuis 1995, 15 nouvelles espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites dans la lignĂ©e des homininĂ©s (l’ensemble des formes plus proches des humains actuels que des chimpanzĂ©s et bonobos actuels). Ce basculement a conduit de l’unicitĂ© de l’humain, longtemps pensĂ© sous la forme d’une seule espĂšce unique, Ă  l’idĂ©e dĂ©fendue aujourd’hui d’une pluralitĂ© d’espĂšces humaines qui ont pu co-exister. Mais cette diversification de l’humain conduit aussi Ă  reposer le problĂšme de sa dĂ©finition : comment identifier des caractĂ©r..

    Mathilde Lequin (2015) – La bipĂ©die humaine : Ă©pistĂ©mologie, palĂ©oanthropologie, mĂ©taphysique. ThĂšse de doctorat en philosophie soutenue le mardi 2 juin 2015 Ă  l’universitĂ© Paris-Ouest–Nanterre-La DĂ©fense

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    Lequin Mathilde. Mathilde Lequin (2015) – La bipĂ©die humaine : Ă©pistĂ©mologie, palĂ©oanthropologie, mĂ©taphysique. ThĂšse de doctorat en philosophie soutenue le mardi 2 juin 2015 Ă  l’universitĂ© Paris-Ouest–Nanterre-La DĂ©fense. In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© prĂ©historique française, tome 112, n°4, 2015. pp. 796-797

    The human bipedalism : epistemology, paleo-anthropology, metaphysics

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    La palĂ©oanthropologie utilise la bipĂ©die comme critĂšre d'interprĂ©tation des vestiges fossiles permettant d'Ă©tablir leur appartenance Ă  la lignĂ©e humaine. Ainsi, la bipĂ©die devient une caractĂ©ristique propre Ă  la lignĂ©e humaine et qui en marque l'origine. Nous identifions ici un « cercle hermĂ©neutique » de la palĂ©oanthropologie, puisque l'humain y est dĂ©fini par la bipĂ©die et, rĂ©ciproquement, tout bipĂ©die est interprĂ©tĂ©e comme Ă©tant nĂ©cessairement humaine. Du fait de cette circularitĂ©, les traits associĂ©s Ă  la bipĂ©die sont surinterprĂ©tĂ©s dans la description des vestiges fossiles, qui se voient alors confĂ©rer une signification fonctionnelle et phylogĂ©nĂ©tique univoque. L'unicitĂ© de la bipĂ©die humaine constitue un principe d'interprĂ©tation restĂ© ininterrogĂ© en palĂ©oanthropologie. Ce point rĂ©vĂšle l'attachement de cette discipline scientifique Ă  une conception philosophique du propre de l'homme qui semble pourtant difficilement compatible avec l'approche Ă©volutionniste. Au contraire, une vĂ©ritable Ă©pistĂ©mologie de la palĂ©oanthropologie doit mettre en perspective la signification accordĂ©e Ă  cette caractĂ©ristique anthropologique : nous nous y employons dans cette thĂšse, en montrant que le concept mĂ©taphysique de « station droite » trouve son Ă©cho dans le concept naturaliste de « bipĂ©die ». Cette continuitĂ© ou cette capillaritĂ© de la philosophie Ă  la science est mise en Ă©vidence Ă  travers les usages du critĂšre de la bipĂ©die dans la description de plusieurs espĂšces fossiles. De Pithecanthropus erectus Ă  Ardipithecus ramidus, nous analysons diffĂ©rents modes de l'Ă©quivalence entre « bipĂšde » et « humain ». Cette Ă©quivalence, souvent implicite, reprĂ©sente une source de confusion majeure pour la palĂ©oanthropologie, impliquant un concept d’ « humain » aux contours flous. Notre Ă©pistĂ©mologie de la palĂ©oanthropologie dĂ©gage donc diffĂ©rents problĂšmes que cette discipline se doit d'affronter pour que le dĂ©bat sur l'Ă©volution de la bipĂ©die dans la lignĂ©e humaine puisse avancer.Bipedalism represents for paleoanthropology a criterion to decipher fossil records in order to establish their belonging to the human lineage. As such, bipedalism is considered as a unique characteristic of the human lineage that marks its origin. In this thesis, we identify a "hermeneutic circle" of paleoanthropology, since the human is defined by its bipedal characteristics and, conversely, any bipedalism is interpreted as necessarily human. Because of this circularity, traits associated with bipedalism are overstated in describing the fossil record, hence conferring an unambiguous functional and phylogenetic significance. The uniqueness of human bipedalism is a principle of interpretation remained unquestioned in paleoanthropology. This shows the commitment of this scientific discipline to a philosophical conception of the human uniqueness who hardly seems consistent with the evolutionary approach. On the contrary, a real epistemology of paleoanthropology has put into perspective the meaning given to this anthropological characteristic. We address this latter in showing that the metaphysical concept of "upright station" is echoed in the naturalist concept of « bipedalism ». This continuity or capillary from philosophy to science is emphasized through the use of the criterion of bipedalism in the description of several fossil species. From Pithecanthropus erectus to Ardipithecus ramidus, we analyze various modes of equivalence between "biped" and "human". This equivalence, albeit implicit, represents a major source of confusion for paleoanthropology, implying an unclear concept of « human ». Our epistemology of paleoanthropology put thus upfront several philosophical and epistemological problems that this discipline has to challenge in order to the debate on the evolution of bipedalism in the human lineage can move forward

    Mathilde Lequin (2015) – La bipĂ©die humaine : Ă©pistĂ©mologie, palĂ©oanthropologie, mĂ©taphysique. ThĂšse de doctorat en philosophie soutenue le mardi 2 juin 2015 Ă  l’universitĂ© Paris-Ouest–Nanterre-La DĂ©fense

    No full text
    Lequin Mathilde. Mathilde Lequin (2015) – La bipĂ©die humaine : Ă©pistĂ©mologie, palĂ©oanthropologie, mĂ©taphysique. ThĂšse de doctorat en philosophie soutenue le mardi 2 juin 2015 Ă  l’universitĂ© Paris-Ouest–Nanterre-La DĂ©fense. In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© prĂ©historique française, tome 112, n°4, 2015. pp. 796-797

    Past Materials, Past Minds: The Philosophy of Cognitive Paleoanthropology

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    The philosophy of cognitive paleoanthropology involves three related tasks: (1) asking what inferences might be drawn from the paleontological and archaeological records to past cognition, behavior and culture; (2) constructing synthetic accounts of the evolution of distinctive hominin capacities; (3) exploring how results from cognitive paleoanthropology might inform philosophy. We introduce some distinctive cognitive paleoanthropological inferences and discuss their epistemic standing, before considering how attention to the material records and the practice of paleoanthropology can inform and transform philosophical approaches

    Monitoring In Vivo Performances of Protein–Drug Conjugates Using Site-Selective Dual Radiolabeling and Ex Vivo Digital Imaging

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    International audienceIn preclinical models, the development and optimization of protein−drug conjugates require accurate determination of the plasma and tissue profiles of both the protein and its conjugated drug. To this aim, we developed a bioanalytical strategy based on dual radiolabeling and ex vivo digital imaging. By combining enzymatic and chemical reactions, we obtained homogeneous dual-labeled anti-MMP-14 Fabs (antigen-binding fragments) conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E where the protein scaffold was labeled with carbon-14 (14C) and the conjugated drug with tritium (3H). These antibody−drug conjugates with either a noncleavable or a cleavable linker were then evaluated in vivo. By combining liquid scintillation counting and ex vivo dual-isotope radio-imaging, it was possible not only to monitor both components simultaneously during their circulation phase but also to quantify accurately their amount accumulated within the different organs
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