How can ten fingers shape a pot? Evidence for equivalent function in culturally distinct motor skills

Behavioural variability is likely to emerge when a particular task is performed in different cultural settings, assuming that part of human motor behaviour is influenced by culture. In analysing motor behaviour it is useful to distinguish how the action is performed from the result achieved. Does cultural environment lead to specific cultural motor skills? Are there differences between cultures both in the skills themselves and in the corresponding outcomes? Here we analyse the skill of pottery wheel-throwing in French and Indian cultural environments. Our specific goal was to examine the ability of expert potters from distinct cultural settings to reproduce a common model shape (a sphere). The operational aspects of motor performance were captured through the analysis of the hand positions used by the potters during the fashioning process. In parallel, the outcomes were captured by the geometrical characteristics of the vessels produced. As expected, results revealed a cultural influence on the operational aspects of the potters' motor skill. Yet, the marked cultural differences in hand positions used did not give rise to noticeable differences in the shapes of the vessels produced. Hence, for the simple model form studied, the culturally-specific motor traditions of the French and Indian potters gave rise to an equivalent outcome, that is shape uniformity. Further work is needed to test whether such equivalence is also observed in more complex ceramic shapes

AGMT3-D: A software for 3-D landmarks-based geometric morphometric shape analysis of archaeological artifacts.

We present here a newly developed software package named Artifact GeoMorph Toolbox 3-D (AGMT3-D). It is intended to provide archaeologists with a simple and easy-to-use tool for performing 3-D landmarks-based geometric morphometric shape analysis on 3-D digital models of archaeological artifacts. It requires no prior knowledge of programming or proficiency in statistics. AGMT3-D consists of a data-acquisition procedure for automatically positioning 3-D models in space and fitting them with grids of 3-D semi-landmarks. It also provides a number of analytical tools and procedures that allow the processing and statistical analysis of the data, including generalized Procrustes analysis, principal component analysis, a warp tool, automatic calculation of shape variabilities and statistical tests. It provides an output of quantitative, objective and reproducible results in numerical, textual and graphic formats. These can be used to answer archaeologically significant questions relating to morphologies and morphological variabilities in artifact assemblages. Following the presentation of the software and its functions, we apply it to a case study addressing the effects of different types of raw material on the morphologies and morphological variabilities present in an experimentally produced Acheulian handaxe assemblage. The results show that there are statistically significant differences between the mean shapes and shape variabilities of handaxes produced on flint and those produced on basalt. With AGMT3-D, users can analyze artifact assemblages and address questions that are deducible from the morphologies and morphological variabilities of material culture assemblages. These questions can relate to issues of, among others, relative chronology, cultural affinities, tool function and production technology. AGMT3-D is aimed at making 3-D landmarks-based geometric morphometric shape analysis more accessible to archaeologists, in the hope that this method will become a tool commonly used by archaeologists

Landscape Alteration by Pre-Pottery Neolithic Communities in the Southern Levant - The Kaizer Hilltop Quarry, Israel.

This study focuses on Kaizer Hill, a quarry site located in the vicinity of the city of Modiin where remains of a single prehistoric cultural entity assigned to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A were discovered. A systematic survey revealed that large-scale quarrying activities have left damage markings on the bedrock of the Hilltop and its slopes. We aim to present here our findings from the Hilltop, which are concerned with the human impact on rock surfaces and the lithic artifacts retrieved during the survey. It is evident that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A inhabitants of the area changed their landscape forever, "stripping" the caliche surface and penetrating it in search of flint bedded in the bedrock

On the application of 3-D scanning technology for the documentation and typology of lithic artifacts

A 3-D optical scanner was used to obtain precise and complete representations of lithic artifacts. A computer algorithm, which was specially developed for the purpose, was used to position the artifacts in a way which enables the extraction of the standard metric parameters (length, width, width at 1/2 length, etc.). In this way, the ambiguities which affect the traditional manual measurements were eliminated. This new methodology creates accurate and objective databases. Several other parameters (center of mass position, volume, surface area) were also computed. The advantages of our method are illustrated by the analysis of 90 scanned Lower Paleolithic handaxes

Recognizing technique variation in rock engravings: ArchCUT3-D for micromorphological analysis

Abstract Ancient rock engravings evoke the interest of archeologists and art historians as an important remnant of human cultures. Traditionally, engraved images are studied based on iconography, iconology, and stylistic characteristics, with little emphasis on execution technology. In contrast, the research method presented in this study strives to characterize the techniques adopted for making rock engravings in ancient times, with technological variations considered as indicators of the engraver’s production process. 3-D scans of two ancient engravings and contemporary graffiti were obtained from Site 25 in Timna Park, Southern Israel. The models were analyzed with ArchCUT3-D, a software specifically developed to precisely evaluate the 3-D micromorphological characteristics of the incisions making up the engraving. The software analyzes the surface micromorphology by extracting 3-D slices of the incisions using an accurate and repeatable method. Our results indicate that different incisions were executed by remarkably distinct techniques of stroking the rock surface with a sharp tool. The identification of discriminant characteristics enabled us to demonstrate the particularities of the engraving operations, such as ergonomic conditions and the level of consistency of the engraving gesture. ArchCUT3-D thus provides a computational method for incision technique recognition through micromorphology specifications, and the reconstruction of engraving gestures and individual production procedures

The Natufian Occupation of Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel - The Lithic Evidence

Abstract : This paper presents an analysis of the large Natufian tool assemblage (N = 10,378) from the excavations ofM. Stekelis (1954- 1957, 1959-1960) at the site of Nahal Oren Terrace. The site is located on the western escarpment of Mt. Carmel, situated amidst various ecological microhabitats within a Mediterranean climatic zone. The Natufian levels at the site, observed throughout all seasons of excavation, provided a plethora of archaeological data including a unique cemetery. The present account is a summary and discussion of a study focused on the Natufian lithic component recovered during excavation. Except for some very general observations, the material was never published. An endeavor was made to accommodate our results within the framework of modern research and current data pertaining to the Natufian culture, including information obtained during the 2nd series of excavations at the site (1969-1971). The importance of this assemblage stems partly from the fact that it represents one of the very few instances where there is seemingly a continuum of occupation from the Natufian through the following Neolithic cultures. Besides a detailed typological analysis, an endeavor was made to explore the spatial distribution aimed towards establishing relationship among the various activities areas at the site, especially between the burial ground and the surrounding areas. A study comparing this particular assemblage with both the Natufian assemblage derived during the 2nd series of excavations and assemblages from other Natufian sites made clear the basic nature of this Late Natufian assemblage. The various lines of study demonstrate that there was a continuum of human occupation (or at least a constant presence) all through the Late Natufian (13-11 600 BP cal).Résumé : Dans cet article, nous présentons une analyse de l'abondant matériel lithique natoufien (n = 10 378) récolté lors des fouilles de M. Stekelis (1954-1957, 1959-1960) sur le site de la terrasse de Nahal Oren. Le gisement se trouve sur le rebord Ouest du Mt Carmel, aux confins de différentes micro-niches écologiques au sein de la zone méditerranéenne. Les niveaux natoufiens, fouillés tout au long des différentes campagnes, ont livré une quantité impressionnante d'informations archéologiques incluant une nécropole remarquable. Nous présentons ici une synthèse de l 'étude réalisée sur le matériel lithique natoufien récolté durant ces fouilles, et les discussions qui en découlent. Ce matériel n 'a jamais été publié, àpart quelques observations d'ordre général. Nous avons tenté de replacer les résultats obtenus dans le contexte de la recherche actuelle sur la culture natoufienne en intégrant également les informations obtenues lors de la seconde série de fouilles sur le site entre 1969 et 1971. L 'étude de ce matériel trouve tout son intérêt dans le fait que la terrasse de Nahal Oren semble constituer l 'un des rares cas d 'occupation continue depuis le Natoufien jusqu 'au Néolithique. En plus d'une étude typologique détaillée, nous avons tenté, par une étude des répartitions spatiales, d'établir les relations entre les différentes zones d'activité sur le site, plus particulièrement entre la zone des sépultures et les zones environnantes. Les comparaisons effectuées avec le matériel provenant des fouilles plus récentes et avec celui d'autres sites natoufiens indiquent clairement que ces assemblages lithiques appartiennent au Natoufien récent. Tous les éléments de notre étude démontrent la continuité des occupations (ou du moins une présence constante) tout au long de cette période entre 13 000 et 11 600 BP cal.Grosman Leore, Ashkenazy Hila, Belfer-Cohen Anna. The Natufian Occupation of Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel - The Lithic Evidence. In: Paléorient, 2005, vol. 31, n°2. pp. 5-26

Trenching marks: a) vertical b) horizontal (length of scale = 20cm).

<p>Trenching marks: a) vertical b) horizontal (length of scale = 20cm).</p

Types and frequencies observed on the three sampled rocks.

<p>Types and frequencies observed on the three sampled rocks.</p

Tomorrow’s mundane is today’s extraordinary: A case study of a plastered installation during Neolithization

Abstract For reconstructing past human ways of life we study mundane remains, but in order to detect special worldviews and behaviors we endeavor to observe the extraordinary embedded in those remains. There are many ways to define the ‘extraordinary’. Here we center on early occurrences of phenomena that later become mundane, rendering them ‘extraordinary’ through being rare compared to later frequent appearances. This study explores such extraordinary phenomena with relation to the processes of Neolithization in the Southern Levant, focusing on a round plastered installation (Feature 6) that was unearthed in the Late Natufian village of Nahal Ein Gev II (ca. 12,000 calBP). To investigate the feature’s function, we conducted a micro-geoarcheological analysis of the walls and fill to understand its use and formation processes, using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and micromorphology. Our results show that the walls were not exposed to elevated temperatures and that the interior of the installation was filled with mixed sediments. We therefore rule out the use of the feature as a cooking installation or a kiln. The interior mixed assemblage indicates secondary infilling after the feature was no longer in use for its initial purpose, thus challenging the identification of its original function. To date, there are no parallels for such lime and clay plastered installations in the Natufian culture. Yet, this type of feature becomes increasingly common with the advance of Neolithization where such features served as storage installations, integral to the farming way of life. We conclude that Feature 6 in NEG II is ‘extraordinary’ in the context of the Late Natufian, heralding the development of clay lined storage installations. We argue that this example of ‘extraordinary’ within the long process of Neolithization in the Near East helps to illuminate the gradual process of cultural innovation in which new features appear at first as extraordinary phenomena which later will become mundane

Size of rock surfaces and frequencies of lithic artifacts.

<p>Size of rock surfaces and frequencies of lithic artifacts.</p